Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to pyrrolidine and thiazolidine DPP-IV inhibitor compounds. The present invention also provides synthetic methods for preparation of such compounds, methods of inhibiting DPP-IV using such compounds and pharmaceutical formulations containing them for treatment of DPP-IV mediated diseases, in particular, Type-2 diabetes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/409,481, filed Apr. 21, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,553,861, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to pyrrolidine and thiazolidine-based inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and to methods for treating diabetes, particularly Type-2 diabetes as well as impaired glucose tolerance, impaired glucose homeostasis and complications associated with diabetes by inhibiting DPP-IV with such cyclic amido and cyclic ureido pyrrolidine and thiazolidine inhibitors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Diabetes results from the occurrence of one or more of several causative factors, and is characterized by an abnormal elevation in levels of plasma glucose (hyperglycemia). Persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycemia results in an increased probability of premature morbidity and mortality. Abnormal glucose homeostasis is usually associated with changes in the lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism, or due to other metabolic and hemodynamic diseases.

Patients afflicted with Type-2 diabetes mellitus or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), are especially at increased risk of suffering from macrovascular and microvascular complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Therapeutic control of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and hypertension are critical in the clinical management and treatment of Type-2 diabetes mellitus.

The currently available therapeutics for treating available Type-2 diabetes, although effective, have recognized limitations. Compounds based on sulfonylureas (e.g. tolbutamide, glipizide, etc.), which stimulate the pancreatic beta-cells to secrete more insulin, are limited by the development of inhibitor resistant tissues, causing them to become inefficient or ineffective, even at high doses. Biguanide compounds, on the other hand, increase insulin sensitivity so as to cause correction of hyperglycemia to some extent. However, clinically used biguanides such as phenformin and metformin can induce side-effects such as lactic acidosis, nausea and diarrhea.

The more recent glitazone-type compounds (i.e. 5-benzylthiazolidine-2,4-diones) substantially increase insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver and adipose tissue resulting in either partial or complete correction of the elevated plasma levels of glucose without occurrence of hypoglycemia. Currently used glitazones are agonists of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), which is attributed to be responsible for their improved insulin sensitization. However, serious side effects (e.g. liver toxicity) have been known to occur with some glitazones such as, for example, troglitazone. Compounds that are inhibitors of the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (“DPP-IV”, “DPP-4” or “DP-IV”) enzyme are also under investigation as drugs that may be useful in the treatment of diabetes, and particularly Type-2 diabetes. See for example, WO 97/40832, WO 98/19998, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,560.

DPP-IV is a membrane bound non-classical serine aminodipeptidase which is located in a variety of tissues (intestine, liver, lung, kidney) as well as on circulating T-lymphocytes (where the enzyme is known as CD-26). It is responsible for the metabolic cleavage of certain endogenous peptides (GLP-1(7-36), glucagon) in vivo and has demonstrated proteolytic activity against a variety of other peptides (e.g. GHRH, NPY, GLP-2, VIP) in vitro.

The usefulness of DPP-IV inhibitors in the treatment of Type-2 diabetes is based on the fact that DPP-IV in vivo readily inactivates glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). GLP-1 (7-36) is a 29 amino-acid peptide derived by post-translational processing of proglucagon in the small intestine. GLP-1(7-36) has multiple actions in vivo including the stimulation of insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon secretion, the promotion of satiety, and the slowing of gastric emptying. Based on its physiological profile, the actions of GLP-1(7-36) are expected to be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of Type-2 diabetes, and potentially obesity. To support this claim, exogenous administration of GLP-1(7-36) (continuous infusion) in diabetic patients has demonstrated efficacy in this patient population. GLP-1(7-36) is degraded rapidly in vivo and has been shown to have a short half-life in vivo (t½ of about 1.5 min). Based on a study of genetically bred DPP-IV KO mice and on in vivo/in vitro studies with selective DPP-IV inhibitors, DPP-IV has been shown to be the primary degrading enzyme of GLP-1(7-36) in vivo. GLP-1(7-36) is degraded by DPP-IV efficiently to GLP-1(9-36), which has been speculated to act as a physiological antagonist to GLP-1(7-36). Inhibition of DPP-IV in vivo should, therefore, potentiate endogenous levels of GLP-1(7-36) and attenuate formation of its antagonist GLP-1(9-36) and serve to ameliorate the diabetic condition.

GLP-1 and GIP are incretins that are produced upon ingestion of food, and which stimulate production of insulin. Inhibition of DPP-IV causes decreased inactivation of the incretins, which in turn, results in an increase in their effectiveness in stimulating pancreatic production of insulin. DPP-IV inhibition therefore, results in an increase in the level of serum insulin. Since the incretins are produced upon consumption of food only, DPP-IV inhibition is not expected to increase insulin levels when not required, thereby precluding excessive lowering of blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Inhibition of DPP-IV, is therefore, is expected to increase insulin levels without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, thereby lowering deleterious side effects associated with currently used insulin secretagogues. Although DPP-IV inhibitors have not been studied extensively as therapeutics for diseases other than diabetes, they are expected to have other potential therapeutic utilities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a class of pyrrolidine-based inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). In particular, the present invention provides a new class of pyrrolidine and thiazolidine DPP-IV inhibiting compounds (“DPP-IV inhibitors”).

One aspect of the present invention includes a compound of formula (I):

A-B-D  (I)

and all stereoisomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and all polymorphs; wherein A is:

B is:

and D is:

wherein

E and G are independently 6-membered aryl, or 5-membered heteroaryl or 6-membered heteroaryl;

E may be substituted with one or more R¹ groups;

G may be substituted with one or more R² groups;

X and Y are divalent and are each independently: a bond, CR⁴R⁵, O, NR⁴, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, C(═O), (C═O)N(R⁴), S(═O)₂N(R⁴), C═N—OR⁴, —C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵) C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴)═C(R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)NR⁴—, —C(R⁴R⁵)O—, —C(R⁴R⁵)S(═O)_(t)—, —(C═O)O—, —(C═NR^(a))N(R⁴)—, —(C═NR^(a))—, N(C═O)NR⁴NR⁵, N(C═O)R⁴, N(C═O)OR⁴, NS(═O)₂NR⁴NR⁵, NS(═O)₂R⁴; or aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, all of which may be optionally substituted;

R¹ and R² are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all of which may be optionally substituted;

R³ is absent or is halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all of which may be optionally substituted;

R^(a) is hydrogen, CN, NO₂, alkyl, haloalkyl, S(O)_(t)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, C(O)OR⁴, C(O)R⁴, or C(O)NR⁴R⁵; each occurrence of R⁴, R⁵, R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted, or R⁴ and R⁵ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and may optionally contain a heteroatom selected from O, S, or NR⁵⁰ and the 3- to 8-membered ring may be optionally substituted;

R⁵⁰ is, in each occurrence, R²⁰, CN, NO₂, S(O)_(t)NR²⁰R²¹, S(O)_(t)R²⁰, C(O)OR²⁰, C(O)R²⁰C(═NR^(a))NR²⁰R²¹, C(═NR²⁰)NR²¹R^(a), C(═NOR²⁰)R²¹ or C(O)NR²⁰R²¹;

each occurrence of R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted;

R⁹ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R¹⁰ is halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, B(OH)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted;

R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted;

R^(13a) and R^(13b) are each independently R⁵ or together are ═O;

R^(14a) and R^(14b) are each independently R⁵ or together are ═O;

R^(13c) and R^(14c) are each independently R⁵;

Q^(a) is CH or N;

U is —C(O)—, —C(═NR⁴)—, —(CR⁴R⁵—)_(p), NR⁵⁰, S(═O)₂, C(═O), (C═O)N(R⁴), N(R⁴)(C═O), S(═O)₂N(R⁴), N(R⁴)S(═O)₂, C═N—OR⁴, —C(R⁴)═C(R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)_(p)NR⁵⁰—, N(R⁵⁰)C(R⁴R⁵)_(p), —O—C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)S(═O)_(t)—, —(C═O)O—, —(C═NR^(a))N(R⁴)—, —(C═NR^(a))—, N(C═O)NR NR⁵, N(C═O)R⁴, N(C═O)OR^(a), NS(═O)₂NR⁴NR⁴, NS(═O)₂R⁴, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, all of which may be optionally substituted;

W is —CH₂—, —S—, —CHF— or —CF₂—;

Z is C or N;

m is 1, or 2;

n is 0, 1, or 2;

p is 0 to 6;

q is 0 to 6; and

t is 0, 1, or 2.

Another aspect of the present invention includes a method of preparing a compound of the following formula:

comprising (a) coupling prolinamide with fumarylchloride to provide a compound of the following formula:

(b) dehydrating the carboxamides of the compound from step (a) to cyano to provide a compound of formula:

and (c) cleaving the C═C bond with an oxidizing agent either: (1) in the presence of methanol, and then adding a reducing agent to the reaction mixture, or (2) and reacting the cleavage products with a reducing agent and subsequently adding methanol to the cleavage product mixture.

A further aspect of the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of the following formula:

comprising: (a) coupling a compound of formula:

with fumaryl chloride to provide a compound of formula

(b) dehydrating the carboxamide in the compound from step (a) to provide a compound of formula:

and (c) cleaving the C═C bond with an oxidizing agent either: (1) in the presence of methanol, and then adding a reducing agent to the reaction mixture, or (2) and reacting the cleavage products with a reducing agent and subsequently adding methanol to the cleavage product mixture.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of formula A compound of formula (I):

A-B-D  (I)

wherein A is:

B is:

and

D is:

wherein

E and G are independently selected from 6-membered aryl, 5-membered heteroaryl, 6-membered heteroaryl, and 5-6-membered saturated or partially saturated carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings;

E may be substituted with one or more R¹ groups;

G may be substituted with one or more R² groups;

R¹ and R² are independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted;

R³ is absent or is halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted;

R^(a) is hydrogen, CN, NO₂, alkyl, haloalkyl, S(O)_(t)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, C(O)OR⁴, C(O)R⁴, or C(O)NR⁴R⁵;

each occurrence of R⁴, R⁵, R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted, or R⁴ and R⁵ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and may be optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S, or NR⁵⁰ and the 3- to 8-membered ring may be optionally substituted;

R⁵⁰ is, in each occurrence, R²⁰, CN, NO₂, S(O)_(t)NR²⁰R²¹, S(O)_(t)R²⁰, C(O)OR²⁰, C(O)R²⁰C(═NR^(a))NR²⁰R²¹, C(═NR²⁰)NR²¹R^(a), C(═NOR²⁰)R²¹ or C(O)NR²⁰R²¹;

each occurrence of R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all may be optionally substituted;

R⁹ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl;

R¹⁰ is halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, B(OH)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all may be optionally substituted;

R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (CO—C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all may be optionally substituted;

R^(13a) and R^(13b) are each independently R⁵ or together are ═O;

R^(14a) and R^(14b) are each independently R⁵ or together are ═O;

R^(13c) and R^(14c) are each independently R⁵;

Q^(a) is CH or N;

U is —C(O)—, —C(═NR⁴)—, —(CR⁴R⁵—)_(p), NR⁵⁰, S(═O)₂, C(═O), (C═O)N(R⁴), N(R⁴)(C═O), S(═O)₂N(R⁴), N(R⁴)S(═O)₂, C═N—OR⁴, —C(R⁴)═C(R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)_(p)NR⁵⁰—, N(R⁵⁰)C(R⁴R⁵)_(p)—, —O—C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)S(═O)_(t)—, —(C═O)O—, —(C═NR^(a))N(R⁴)—, —(C═NR^(a))—, N(C═O)NR⁴NR⁵, N(C═O)R⁴, N(C═O)OR⁴, NS(═O)₂NR⁴NR⁵, NS(═O)₂R⁴, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, all of which may be optionally substituted;

W is —CH₂—, —S—, —CHF— or —CF₂—;

Z is C or N;

m is 1, or 2;

n is 0, 1, or 2;

p is 0 to 6;

q is 0 to 6; and

t is 0, 1, or 2

wherein: when E and G are both phenyl either:

(1) at least one of R¹ or R² is present and is:

CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂₀R⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, (C₅₋₂₀)alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted; and wherein OR⁴ is alkoxy, OR⁴ is (C₅₋₂₀) alkoxy; or (2) and when B is (b) R⁷ and R⁸ are not selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, and phenyl; or (3) and when B is (b) or (f), R9 is: C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of formula A compound of formula (I):

A-B-D  (I)

wherein A is:

B is:

and

D is:

wherein

E, G, and M include a three ring system wherein M shares two carbon atoms with each of E and G;

E, G and M are each independently selected from a 5-7-membered saturated or partially saturated carbocyclic ring, a 5-7 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocyclic ring, a 5-6-membered aromatic ring, and a 5-6-membered heteroaromatic ring;

E may be substituted with one or more R¹ groups;

G may be substituted with one or more R² groups;

R¹ and R² are independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted;

R³ is absent or is halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted;

R^(a) is hydrogen, CN, NO₂, alkyl, haloalkyl, S(O)_(t)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, C(O)OR⁴, C(O)R⁴, or C(O)NR⁴R⁵;

each occurrence of R⁴, R⁵, R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted, or R⁴ and R⁵ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and may be optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S, or NR⁵⁰ and the 3- to 8-membered ring may be optionally substituted;

R⁵⁰ is, in each occurrence, R²⁰, CN, NO₂, S(O)_(t)NR²⁰R²¹, S(O)_(t)R²⁰, C(O)OR²⁰, C(O)R²⁰C(═NR^(a))NR²⁰R²¹, C(═NR²⁰)NR²¹R^(a), C(═NOR²⁰)R²¹ or C(O)NR²⁰R²¹;

each occurrence of R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all may be optionally substituted;

R⁹ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R¹⁰ is halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(CO—C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, B(OH)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all may be optionally substituted;

R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (CO—C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all may be optionally substituted;

R^(13a) and R^(13b) are each independently R⁵ or together are ═O;

R^(14a) and R^(14b) are each independently R⁵ or together are ═O;

R^(13c) and R^(14c) are each independently R⁵;

Q^(a) is CH or N;

U is —C(O)—, —C(═NR⁴)—, —(CR⁴R⁵—)_(p), NR⁵⁰, S(═O)₂, C(═O), (C═O)N(R⁴), N(R⁴)(C═O), S(═O)₂N(R⁴), N(R⁴)S(═O)₂, C═N—OR⁴, —C(R⁴)═C(R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)_(p)NR⁵⁰—, N(R⁵⁰)C(R⁴R⁵)_(p)—, —O—C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)S(═O)_(t)—, —(C═O)O—, —(C═NR^(a))N(R⁴)—, —(C═NR^(a))—, N(C═O)NR⁴NR⁵, N(C═O)R⁴, N(C═O)OR⁴, NS(═O)₂NR⁴NR⁵, NS(═O)₂R⁴, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, all of which may be optionally substituted;

W is —CH₂—, —S—, —CHF— or —CF₂—;

Z is C or N;

m is 1, or 2;

n is 0, 1, or 2;

p is 0 to 6;

q is 0 to 6; and

t is 0, 1, or 2

wherein: when E and G are both phenyl either:

(1) at least one of R¹ or R² is present and is:

CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, (C₅₋₂₀)alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted; and wherein OR⁴ is alkoxy, OR⁴ is (C₅₋₂₀) alkoxy; or (2) and when B is (b) R⁷ and R⁸ are not selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, and phenyl; or (3) and when B is (b) or (f), R9 is: C₁₋₆ alkyl.

Compounds of the present invention having one or more optically active carbons can exist as racemates and racemic mixtures, diasteromeric mixtures and individual diastereomers, enantiomeric mixtures and single enantiomers, tautomers, atropisomers, and rotamers, with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention. Compounds described in this invention containing olefinic double bonds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Also included in this invention are all salt forms, polymorphs, hydrates and solvates. All of the above mentioned compounds are included within the scope of the invention.

The present invention also provides methods of inhibiting the DPP-IV enzyme.

The present invention further provides methods of treatment or prevention of diseases in which the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV enzyme is involved, such as diabetes and particularly Type-2 diabetes.

The present invention also provides methods for obtaining the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them either singly or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of DPP-IV enzyme medicated diseases, particularly Type-2 diabetes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The terms “alkyl” or “alk”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups, preferably having 1 to 10 carbons in the normal chain, most preferably lower alkyl groups. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl (e.g., to form a benzyl group), cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH₂—CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R⁴)(R⁵)N—CO— wherein R⁴ or R⁵ are as defined below, except that at least one of R⁴ or R⁵ is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH).

The terms “lower alk” or “lower alkyl” as used herein, denote such optionally substituted groups as described above for alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the normal chain.

The term “alkoxy” denotes an alkyl group as described above bonded through an oxygen linkage (—O—).

The term “alkenyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isobutenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH₂—CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R⁴)(R⁵)N—CO— wherein R⁴ or R⁵ are as defined below, except that at least one of R⁴ or R⁵ is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH).

The term “alkynyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH₂—CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R⁴)(R⁵)N—CO— wherein R⁴ or R⁵ are as defined below, except that at least one of R⁴ or R⁵ is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH).

The term “cycloalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated cyclic hydrocarbon ring systems, including bridged ring systems, desirably containing 1 to 3 rings and 3 to 9 carbons per ring. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, cyclododecyl, and adamantyl. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents.

The terms “ar” or “aryl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, homocyclic aromatic groups, preferably containing 1 or 2 rings and 6 to 12 ring carbons. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more nitro groups, alkyl groups as described above or groups described above as alkyl substituents.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic system” denotes a heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, or heteroaryl group as described herein, which contains carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S and including any bicyclic or tricyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to one or more heterocycle, aryl or cycloalkyl groups. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized. The heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom.

Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, 1H-indazole, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-indolyl, 4-piperidonyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H-quinolizinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, b-carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl, oxindolyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, carbolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, xanthenyl.

“Heterocyclenyl” denotes a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system of about 3 to about 10 atoms, desirably about 4 to about 8 atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms, and which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-nitrogen double bond. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclenyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. The heterocyclenyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclenyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. “Heterocyclenyl” as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960), the contents all of which are incorporated by reference herein. Exemplary monocyclic azaheterocyclenyl groups include, but are not limited to, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrohydropyridine, 1,2-dihydropyridyl, 1,4-dihydropyridyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, and the like. Exemplary oxaheterocyclenyl groups include, but are not limited to, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, dihydrofuranyl, and fluorodihydrofuranyl. An exemplary multicyclic oxaheterocyclenyl group is 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl.

“Heterocyclyl,” or “heterocycloalkyl,” denotes a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, desirably 4 to 8 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. The heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.

“Heterocyclyl” as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960). Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.

“Heteroaryl” denotes an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 5 to about 10 atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The “heteroaryl” may also be substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heteroaryl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. A nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl may be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide. Heteroaryl as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960). Exemplary heteroaryl and substituted heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrazinyl, thienyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, thienopyridyl, thienopyrimidyl, pyrrolopyridyl, imidazopyridyl, benzoazaindole, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, benzthiazolyl, dioxolyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, morpholino, oxadiazolyl, oxazinyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, tetrazinyl, tetrazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, thiatriazolyl, thiazinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, 5-thioxo-1,2,4-diazolyl, thiomorpholino, thiophenyl, thiopyranyl, triazolyl and triazolonyl.

The term “amino” denotes the radical —NH₂ wherein one or both of the hydrogen atoms may be replaced by an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group. Exemplary amino groups include, but are not limited to, n-butylamino, tert-butylamino, methylpropylamino and ethyldimethylamino.

The term “cycloalkylalkyl” denotes a cycloalkyl-alkyl group wherein a cycloalkyl as described above is bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. Cycloalkylalkyl groups may contain a lower alkyl moiety. Exemplary cycloalkylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclopropylpropyl, cyclopentylpropyl, and cyclohexylpropyl.

The term “arylalkyl” denotes an aryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.

The term “heteroarylalkyl” denotes a heteroaryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.

The term “heterocyclylalkyl,” or “heterocycloalkylalkyl,” denotes a heterocyclyl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.

The terms “halogen”, “halo”, or “hal”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.

The term “haloalkyl” denotes a halo group as described above bonded though an alkyl, as defined above. Fluoroalkyl is an exemplary group.

The term “aminoalkyl” denotes an amino group as defined above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.

The phrase “bicyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated” denotes an 8- to 13-membered fused bicyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic. The ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and benzocycloheptyl.

The phrase “tricyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated” denotes a 9- to 18-membered fused tricyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic. The ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-7 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, fluorene, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and 2,2a,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclobuta[a]indene.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and the like.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Organic solvents include, but are not limited to, nonaqueous media like ethers, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990, p. 1445, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” denotes those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

“Substituted” is intended to indicate that one or more hydrogens on the atom indicated in the expression using “substituted” is replaced with a selection from the indicated group(s), provided that the indicated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. When a substituent is keto (i.e., ═O) group, then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced.

Unless moieties of a compound of the present invention are defined as being unsubstituted, the moieties of the compound may be substituted. In addition to any substituents provided above, the moieties of the compounds of the present invention may be optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from, but not limited to:

C₁-C₄ alkyl;

C₂-C₄ alkenyl;

C₂-C₄ alkynyl;

CF₃;

halo;

OH;

O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

OCH₂F;

OCHF₂;

OCF₃;

COCF₃;

OC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

OC(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

OC(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

OC(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

OC(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

ONO₂;

SH;

S—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

S(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

SC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

SC(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

NH₂;

N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(H)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)C(O)—CF₃;

N(CH₃)C(O)—CF₃;

N(H)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(S)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)C(O)NH₂;

N(H)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(O)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(CH₃)C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(H)S(O)₂NH₂);

N(H)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)S(O)₂NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(CH₃)S(O)₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(H)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(O)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)S(O)₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(S)NH—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(CH₃)C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

N(CH₃)C(S)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

N(H)C(S)NH₂;

NO₂;

CO₂H;

CO₂—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(O)N(H)OH;

C(O)N(CH₃)OH:

C(O)N(CH₃)OH;

C(O)N(CH₃)O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(O)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(O)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

C(S)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(S)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

C(NH)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NH)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

C(NCH₃)N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NCH₃)N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NOH)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

C(NOCH₃)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

CN;

CHO;

CH₂OH;

CH₂O—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

CH₂NH₂;

CH₂N(H)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

CH₂N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₂;

aryl;

heteroaryl;

cycloalkyl; and

heterocyclyl.

The term “cleave” or “cleaving” means splitting a complex molecule into at least two separate molecules. “Cleavage products” are the separate molecules which result from cleaving.

The term “metabolite” refers to a composition which results from a metabolic process. Examples of the results of metabolism on the compounds of the present invention include addition of —OH, hydrolysis, and cleavage.

The term “polymorphs” refers to the various crystalline structures of the compounds of the present invention. This may include, but is not limited to, crystal morphologies (and amorphous materials), all crystal lattice forms, and all salts. Salts of the present invention can be crystalline and may exist as more than one polymorph. Each polymorph forms another aspect of the invention. Hydrates as well as anhydrous forms of the salt are also encompassed by the invention.

“Teoc” is 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl

“Et” is ethyl (—CH₂CH₃) or ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—).

“Me” is methyl (—CH₃) or methylene (—CH₂—).

“Boc” is tert-butyloxycarbonyl.

“PHCH₂” is benzyl.

The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable tricyclic moiety” is meant to include, but is not limited to, benzocycloheptapyridyl, benzodiazepinyl, and benzozapinyl

In another embodiment of the present invention, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds are used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease mediated by an DPP-IV enzyme.

In another aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used in combination with another disease modifying drug. Examples of other disease modifying drugs include, but are not limited to: (a) other dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors such as Vildagliptin (Novartis), Sitagliptin (Merck&Co.), Saxagliptin (BMS); (b) insulin sensitizers including (i) PPARγ agonists such as the glitazones (e.g. troglitazone, pioglitazone, edaglitazone, rosiglitazone, and the like) and other PPAR ligands, including PPARα/γ dual agonists such as muraglitazar (BMS) and tesaglitazar (AstraZeneca), and PPARα agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and bezafibrate), (ii) biguanides such as metformin and phenformin, and (iii) protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitors; (c) insulin or insulin mimetics; (d) incretin and incretin mimetics such as (i) Exenatide available from Amylin Pharmaceuticals, (i) amylin and amylin mimetics such as pramlintide acetate, available as Symlin®, (iii) GLP-1, GLP-1 mimetics, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, (iv) GIP, GIP mimetics and GIP receptor agonists; (e) sulfonylureas and other insulin secretagogues, such as tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, meglitinides, and repaglinide; (f) α-glucosidase inhibitors (such as acarbose and miglitol); (g) glucagon receptor antagonists; (h) PACAP, PACAP mimetics, and PACAP receptor agonists; (i) cholesterol lowering agents such as (i) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, itavastatin, and rosuvastatin, and other statins), (ii) sequestrants such as cholestyramine, colestipol and dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of a cross-linked dextran, (iii) nicotinyl alcohol, nicotinic acid or a salt thereof, (iv) PPARα agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and bezafibrate), (v) PPARα/γ dual agonists such as muraglitazar (BMS) and tesaglitazar (AstraZeneca), (vi) inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, such as beta-sitosterol and ezetimibe, (vii) acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors such as avasimibe, and (viii) anti-oxidants such as probucol; (j) PPARδ agonists such as GW-501516 from GSK; (k) anti-obesity compounds such as fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, phentemine, sibutramine, orlistat, neuropeptide Y1 or Y5 antagonists, MTP inhibitors, squalene synthase inhibitor, lipoxygenase inhibitor, ACAT inhibitor, Neuropeptide Cannabinoid CB-1 receptor antagonists, CB-1 receptor inverse agonists and antagonists, fatty acid oxidation inhibitors, appetite suppressants (l) adrenergic receptor agonists, melanocortin receptor agonists, in particular—melanocortin-4 receptor agonists, ghrelin antagonists, and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor antagonists; (m) ileal bile acid transporter inhibitors; (n) agents intended for use in inflammatory conditions such as aspirin, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, azalfidine, and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors; (o) antihypertensive agents such as ACE inhibitors (enalapril, lisinopril, captopril, quinapril, fosinoprol, ramipril, spirapril, tandolapril), angiotensin-II (AT-1) receptor blockers (losartan, candesartan, irbesartan, valsartan, telmisartan, eprosartan), beta blockers and calcium channel blockers; and (p) glucokinase activators (GKAs); (q) agents which can be used for the prevention, delay of progression or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive disorders or a drug for improving memory such as anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants, neuroprotective agents, glutamate receptor antagonists, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, MAO inhibitors, dopamine agonists or antagonists, inhibitors of gamma and beta secretases, inhibitors of amyloid aggregation, amyloid beta peptide, antibodies to amyloid beta peptide, inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, glucokinase activators, agents directed at modulating GABA, NMDA, cannabinoid, AMPA, kainate, phosphodiesterase (PDE), PKA, PKC, CREB or nootropic systems; (r) leukocyte growth promotors intended for the treatment and prevention of reduced bone marrow production, infectious diseases, hormone dependent disorders, inflammatory diseases, HIV, allergies, leukocytopenia, and rheumatism; (s) SGLT2 inhibitor; (t) glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor; (u) aP2 inhibitors; (v) aminopeptidase N inhibitor (w) vasopeptidase inhibitors like neprilysin inhibitors and/or ACE inhibitors or dual NEP/ACE inhibitor; (x) growth hormone secretagogue for enhancing growth hormone levels and for treating growth retardation/dwarfism or metabolic disorders or where the disorder is an injury, or a wound in need of healing, or a mammalian patient recovering from surgery; (y) 5-HT 3 or 5-HT 4 receptor modulators (tegaserod, cisapride, nor-cisapride, renzapride, zacopride, mosapride, prucalopride, buspirone, norcisapride, cilansetron, ramosetron, azasetron, ondansetron, etc.); (Za) aldose reductase inhibitors; (Zb) sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors; (Zc) AGE inhibitors; (Zd) erythropoietin agonist such as EPO, EPO mimetics, and EPO receptor agonists.

In a further aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used in the treatment diseases or symptoms mediated by an DPP-IV enzyme. Examples of diseases or symptoms mediated by a DPP-IV enzyme include, but are not limited to, Type II (Type-2) Diabetes and Related Disorders, such as hyperglycemia, low glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, atherosclerosis and its 30 sequelae, vascular restenosis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, other inflammatory conditions, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cataracts, glaucoma, glomerulosclerosis, foot ulcerations and ulcerative colitis, altered gastrointestinal motility, Syndrome X, ovarian hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, premenstrual syndrome, other disorders where insulin resistance is a component. In Syndrome X, also known as Metabolic Syndrome, obesity is thought to promote insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and increased cardiovascular risk, growth hormone deficiency, neutropenia, neuronal disorders, tumor invasion and metastasis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, gingivitis, osteoporosis, frailty of aging, intestinal injury, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and sperm motility/male contraception.

In a further aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the prevention, delay of progression or the treatment of an early cardiac or early cardiovascular diseases or damages, renal diseases or damages, heart Failure, or heart Failure associated diseases like (i) cardiovascular diseases or damages e.g. cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction, pulmonary congestion and cardiac fibrosis in dilated or in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiomyopathy such as dilated cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mesanglial hypertrophy, or diabetic cardiomyopathy, left or right ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmia, cardiac dysrhythmia, syncopy, angina pectoris, cardiac bypass reocclusion, intermittent claudication, diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction, diabetic myopathy, stroke prevention in congestive heart failure, hypertrophic medial thickening in arteries and/or large vessels, mesenteric vasculature hypertrophy or atherosclerosis, preferably atherosclerosis in mammalian patients with hypertension of diabetes; (ii) renal diseases or damages like renal hyperfiltration such as after portal renal ablation, proteinuria in chronic renal disease, renal arteriopathy as a consequence of hypertension, nephrosclerosis, hypertensive nephrosclerosis or mesanglial hypertrophy; (iii) Heart Failure to be treated is secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and/or coronary ischemic disease;

In another aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used for the prevention, the delay of the onset, the delay of progression or the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive disorders and for improving memory (both short term and long term) and learning ability wherein the (i) neurodegenerative disorder is dementia, senile dementia, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer related dementia, Huntington's chores, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesias, mania, Morbus Parkinson, Steel-Richard syndrome, Down's syndrome, myasthenia gravis, nerve and brain trauma, vascular amyloidosis, cerebral haemorrhage I with amyloidosis, brain inflammation, Friedrich ataxia, acute confusion disorders, acute confusion disorders with apoptotic necrocytosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, glaucoma, and Alzheimer's disease; (ii) cognitive disorders like cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, age-induced memory impairment, cognitive deficits associated with psychosis, cognitive impairment associated with diabetes, cognitive deficits associated with post-stroke, memory defects associated hypoxia, cognitive and attention deficits associated with senile dementia, attention deficits disorders, memory problems associated with mild cognitive impairment, impaired cognitice function associated with vascular dementia, cognitive problems associated with brain tumors, Pick's disease, cognitive deficits due to autism, cognitive deficits post electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury, amnesic disorders, deliriums, vitamin deficiency, dementias, impaired cognitive function associated with Parkinson's disease, attention-deficit disorders; (iii) prevention of memory impairment as a result of Alzheimer disease, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, Pick disease, Huntington disease, AIDS, brain injury, brain aneurysm, epilepsy, stroke, toxicant exposure, mental retardation in children, Huntington's disease; (iv) to improve learning speed and potential in educational and rehabilitation contexts.

In another aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used for stimulating an immune response in a subject having or at risk of having cancer wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of basal cell carcinomas including cancers of the binary tract, bladder, urinary system, bone, brain, breast, cervical, endometrial, ovarian, uterine, choriocarcinoma, central nervous system, colon and rectal cancers, connective tissue cancer, cancer of the digestive system, esophageal, gastric, stomach, larynx, liver, pancreatic, colorectal, renal cancers; cancers of the urinary system; cancers of eye, head and neck, oral cavity, skin, prostate; cancers of biliary tract, testicular, thyroid; intra-epithelial neoplasm, leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphoid leukemia; and other cancers of the respiratory system, lung, small cell lung, non-small cell lung; lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; melanoma, myeloma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, fibrosarcoma (bone or connective tissue sarcoma), rhabdomyosarcoma; and other cancers including neoplastic conditions, adipose cell tumors, adipose cell carcinomas, such as liposarcoma;

In a further aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, allergies or asthma.

In another aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be useful in the treatment of pain, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid pain, osteoarthritis pain, anesthesia adjunct in mammalian patients undergoing surgery, chronic pain in advanced cancer, treatment of refractory diarrhea, biliary pain caused by gallstones.

In a further aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of mammalian patients undergoing islet/pancreas transplantation, for the prevention or the delay of transplant rejection, or allograft rejection in transplantation, for improving pancreatic function by increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta-cells in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes patients, and for improving pancreatic function by increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta-cells in general.

Furthermore, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of mammalian patients with acne, skin disorders (e.g. pigmentation disorders or psoriasis), scleroderma, mycoses; anxiety, anxiety neurosis, major depression disorder, drug abuse, alcohol addiction, insomnia, chronic fatigue, sleep apnea; anorexia nervosa; epilepsy; migraine; encephalomyelitis; osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, calcitonin-induced osteoporosis; male and female sexual dysfunction, infertility; Type 1 diabetes; immunosuppression, HIV infection; hematopoiesis, anemia; and for weight reduction.

In a further aspect, the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the prevention, delay of progression or treatment of (i) bacterial infections from Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium difficile infection, Legionella, Pneumococcus, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Neisseria, Shigella, Salmonella, Listeria, Pasteurella, Streptobacillus, Spirillum, Treponema, Actinomyces, Borrelia, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Gardnerella, Campylobacter, Spirochaeta, Proteus, Bacteriodes, Helicobacter pylori, and anthrax infection; (ii) mycobacterial infection from tuberculosis and leprosy; (iii) viral infection from HIV, Herpes simplex virus 1, Herpes simplex virus 2, Cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein Barr virus, rotavirus, adenovirus, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, varicella-zoster virus, small pox, monkey pox and SARS; (iv) fungal infection from candidiasis, ringworm, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, chromomycosis, mycetoma infections, pseudallescheriasis, Tinea versicolor infection; (v) parasite infection from amebiasis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Fascioliasis, Leishmaniasis, Plasmodium, Onchocerciasis, Paragonimiasis, Trypanosoma brucei, Pneumocystis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Taenia, Hymenolepsis, Echinococcus, Schistosomiasis, neurocysticerosis, Necator americanus, and Trichuris trichuria.

The compounds from this invention are suitable for oral, sublingual, rectal, topical, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), pulmonary (aerosol inhalation), or nasal administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient. The compounds from this invention are conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.

The DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are synthesized by the general method shown in Schemes 1-14.

Generic Schemes

General synthetic schemes for the preparation of tricyclic building blocks of this invention:

Commercially available bromotoluene derivatives were treated with n-butyllithium and heated, followed by treatment with dry-ice in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound. Alternatively, the acid can be prepared by Grignard reaction followed by treatment with dry-ice in an appropriate solvent. Esterification of the compound followed by NBS bromination and subsequent conversion to the phosphonium salt in a suitable solvent and heating affords the desired compound. Wittig reaction of the phosphonium salt with a suitable aldehyde in an appropriate solvent and heating, followed by saponification of the ester moiety and subsequent catalytic hydrogenation affords the desired compound. Cyclisation of the compound with polyphosphoric acid in sulfolane and heating affords the desired compound after purification. For R₁=COOMe the tricyclic product from the polyphosphoric acid step was treated with thionylchloride in an alcohol. Reduction of the ketone with a metal hydride in an appropriate solvent yields the compound after purification. Treatment of the alcohol with thionylchloride in a suitable solvent affords the final desired compound. In order to obtain the compounds with R₁=R₂=COOMe, the tricyclic product from the polyphosphoric acid step with R₁=COOH and R₂=Br was treated with CuCN in a suitable solvent, followed by saponification of the nitrile to the acid. Ester formation using thionylchloride in an alcohol and reduction of the ketone with a metal hydride in an appropriate solvent yields the compound after purification. Treatment of the alcohol with thionylchloride in a suitable solvent affords the final desired compound.

Alternative synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic building blocks of this invention:

Commercially available bromotoluene derivatives are treated with Magnesium in a Grignard reaction followed by treatment with dry-ice in an appropriate solvent to yield the desired acid. This acid is then treated with sec-butyllithium in an appropriate solvent at lower temperature. The anion is added at lower temperature to a solution of a commercially available benzylchloride in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound. Cyclisation of the compound with polyphosphoric acid in sulfolane and heating affords the desired compound. To obtain the compounds with R₁=R₂=COOMe, the tricyclic product from the polyphosphoric acid step with R₁=R₂=Cl was treated with KCN, a Pd-catalyst, a suitable ligand and a suitable base in an appropriate solvent to afford the dicyano compound, which was converted to the diacid by treatment with base in a suitable solvent. Ester formation using thionylchloride in an alcohol and reduction of the ketone with a metal hydride in an appropriate solvent yields the compound after purification. Treatment of the alcohol with thionylchloride in a suitable solvent affords the final desired compound.

General synthetic scheme for the preparation of aldehyde building blocks of this invention:

Commercially available prolinamide is treated with fumarylchloride in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound. This compound is then treated with oxalylchloride in dimethylformamide to afford the desired compound after purification. Alternatively, the coupling product of prolinamide with fumarylchloride can be treated with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride in a suitable solvent to afford the desired compound. Ozonolysis of this compound at −78° C. in a suitable solvent, followed by reductive workup affords the desired final compound as a mixture of the aldehyde and its methyl hemiacetal.

Treatment of 2-Aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylic acid amide, prepared according to WO 01/68603, in the same manner as described above yields the desired final compound containing a cyclopropyl moiety at the 4,5-position of the pyrrolidine moiety.

General synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention with R³=H:

The reaction of substituted or unsubstituted tricyclic chlorides with an amino derivative in a suitable solvent as described above affords the desired final product after purification. Substituted or unsubstituted tricyclic chlorides are treated in an appropriate solvent with an excess of suitable amines to afford the desired product after purification. In case the reaction product contains additional amino protecting groups like Boc, they are cleaved by acid treatment to afford the desired compound. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative yields the final desired product after purification. Alternatively, the amines are treated with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) via reductive amination to afford the final compound after purification.

General synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention with Z=N:

Substituted or unsubstituted tricycles containing a nitrogen at the doubly benzylic position are treated with bromoacetylbromide and heated to afford the desired compounds. Treating these compounds with sodium azide or sodium cyanide in a suitable solvent and heating affords the desired azido or cyano compounds after purification. Catalytic hydrogenation or reduction with Lithium aluminum hydride in a suitable solvent affords the desired amine compounds. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative yields the final desired product after purification.

General synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention having H, OH or no substituent at R³

Substituted or unsubstituted tricyclic ketones with Y═C(R₄)═C(R₅) are treated with malonic acid at elevated temperatures to afford the desired product after purification. These compounds are converted to the corresponding amides by treatment with isobutylchloroformate and ammonia. The amides are then converted to the desired amine products with Y=C(R₄)═C(R₅) by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride or to the desired amine products with Y=C(R₄R₅)C(R₄R₅) by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride followed by catalytic hydrogenation with a suitable catalyst. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative described above yields the final desired product after purification.

Treating tricyclic ketones in a Reformatskij reaction affords the desired product after purification. Reduction with LiAlH₄ in a suitable solvent affords the alcohol products with R₃=OH after purification. Activation of one of the hydroxyl groups with sulfonylchlorides in a suitable solvent followed by treatment with NaN₃ affords the desired compounds after purification. Reduction of the azide reaction products with a catalyst in a suitable solvent affords the desired amine compounds after purification. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative described above yields the final desired products after purification.

Treating the amines with R₃=OH with acid in a suitable solvent yields the desired unsaturated amine products. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative described above yields the final desired products after purification.

General synthetic schemes (7-9) for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention with R³=nitrile, amide, tetrazolyl or N-alkyl-tetrazolyl

Substituted or unsubstituted suberylchlorides are treated in a suitable solvent with a slight excess of AgCN and heated to afford the desired product after purification. The nitrile containing compound is then treated with sodium hydride in a suitable solvent and heated. The mixture is then treated at rt with a suitable dibromoalkene and heated to give an intermediate which after treatment with sodium azide or potassium phthalimide in an appropriate solvent and heating affords the desired compound after purification. Treating the mixture after the addition of sodium hydride at rt with a suitable sulfamidate in an appropriate solvent affords the desired Teoc-protected compound after heating for several hours and subsequent purification.

Catalytic hydrogenation of compounds with R′=N₃ in a suitable solvent and in the presence of a slight excess of acid affords the free amine compounds. Coupling of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (CHO-D) via reductive amination and subsequent purification affords the final desired compounds with R³=CN.

Catalytic hydrogenation of compounds with R₃=CN and R′=N₃ in a suitable solvent and in the presence of a slight excess of acid affords the free amine compounds. Treatment of the hydrogenation products with sulphuric acid affords the desired compounds after purification. In case R₁=R₂≠COOH, the amines are reacted with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent to yield the desired final compounds with R₃=CONH₂ and R₁=R₂≠COOH, CONR₄R₅, COOMe. In case R₁=COOH, the amines are treated with Boc₂O in a suitable solvent to afford the Boc-protected amines. These compounds are then treated with ethylchloroformate, followed by treatment with an amine to yield the desired compounds after purification. The compounds are then treated with acid, followed by reaction with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent to yield the desired final compounds with R₃=CONH₂ and R₁=CONR₄R₅ after purification.

The compounds with R₃=CN and R′=N-phthaloyl are treated with an excess of trimethylsilyl azide and Bu₂SnO in an appropriate solvent and heating to afford the desired compounds with R₃=tetrazolyl and R′=N-phthaloyl. In case R₁=R₂≠COOH, the compounds are treated with hydrazine hydrate at elevated temperature in an appropriate solvent to yield the desired amines with R₃=tetrazoyl. The reaction of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent affords the desired final compound with R₃=tetrazoyl and R₁=R₂≠COOH, CONR₄R₅, COOMe after purification. In case R₁=COOMe, the compounds are treated with an appropriate amine in a suitable solvent to afford the free amine compounds. Protection of the amines with Boc₂O affords the Boc-protected products after purification. Saponification of the ester moieties affords the desired fNH-Boc-protected carboxylic acid derivatives. The acid derivates are then treated with ethylchloroformate, followed by an amine to afford the desired products after acid treatment. The reaction of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent affords the desired final compound with R₃=tetrazoyl and R₁=CONR₄R₅ after purification.

The NH Teoc-protected compounds with R₃=CN and R₁=R₂=COOMe or R₁=R₂=Hal were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and an excess of base at elevated temperatures in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compounds with R₃=CONH₂ after purification. The same NH Teoc protected compounds are also reacted with sodium azide and ammonium chloride in a suitable solvent to yield the desired compounds with R₃=tetrazoyl after purification. Further reaction of the compound with R₃=tetrazoyl with methyl iodide and base in a suitable solvent leads to the formation of the desired compound with R₃=N-Me-tetrazoyl after purification. For the compounds with R₃=tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R₁=R₂=COOMe, Hal, the Teoc protecting group is removed by treatment with acid to afford the desired amine compounds. The reaction of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent affords the desired final compound with R₃=tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R₁=R₂=COOMe, Hal after purification. For the compounds with R₃=tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R₁=R₂=COOMe, the ester moieties are removed by treatment with base in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired dicarboxylic acid derivatives after purification. Treatment of these compounds with ethylchloroformate, followed by an amine yields the desired amine compounds with R₃=tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R₁=R₂=CONR4R5 after purification. Cleavage of the Teoc protecting group with acid affords the corresponding amine compounds. The reaction of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent affords the desired final compounds with R₃=tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R₁=R₂=CONR₄R₅ after purification. To obtain the desired final compounds with R₃=tetrazoyl, N-Me-tetrazoyl and R₁=R₂=COOH after purification, the amide formation steps 2 and 3 are omitted.

General synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention with R³=heteroaryl (e.g., oxadiazolone or trifluororoxadiazole)

The NH Teoc-protected compounds with R₃=CN and R₁=R₂=COOMe were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and a base at elevated temperatures, followed by diethylcarbonate in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compounds with R₃=oxadiazolone after purification. In case trifluoroacetic acid anhydride and base are used in a suitable solvent for step 2 of the above scheme, the desired compounds with R₃=CF₃-oxadiazole are obtained after purification. The compounds with R₃=oxadiazolone and R₃=CF₃-oxadiazole are then treated with base to afford the dicarboxylic acid derivatives. These acids are treated with ethylchloroformate, followed by an amine to afford the desired NH-Teoc protected compounds with R₃=oxadiazolone, CF₃-oxadiazole and R₁=R₂=CONR₄R₅ after purification. Cleavage of the Teoc protecting group with acid affords the corresponding amine compounds. The reaction of these amines with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent affords the desired final compounds with R₃=oxadiazolone, CF₃-oxadiazole and R₁=R₂=CONR₄R₅ after purification.

General synthetic scheme for the preparation of tricyclic compounds of this invention with R³=tetrazole and Y=CONR⁴

Anthraquinone derivatives are treated with sodium azide and sulphuric acid in a suitable solvent to yield the desired compounds. These compounds are then treated with alkyl halides and base in a suitable solvent to obtain the desired compounds after purification. Reaction of theses compounds with tosylmethyl isocyanide and base in a suitable solvent, followed by treatment with dibromoethane and potassium phthalimide affords the desired compounds with R3=CN and R′=N-phthaloyl after purification. The reaction of these compounds with trimethylsilyl-azide and dibutyltin oxide in a suitable solvent affords the compounds with R3=tetrazoyl and R′=N-phthaloyl. Cleavage of the protecting group with hydrazine hydrate affords the desired amines, which are reacted with a suitable aldehyde (D-CHO) in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired final compound with R3=tetrazoyl. The desired final compound with R₃=tetrazoyl and R₄=H can be obtained by omitting the alkylation step with alkyl halides in the above scheme.

General synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds with bridged piperazinones of this invention with R^(14a,b)=(═O)

A commercially available hydroxyl-proline derivative is treated with base and alkylated with allylbromide in an appropriate solvent to afford the allyl-protected amino acid after purification. This compound is then treated at −30° C. with an appropriate base, triflic anhydride and then an appropriately protected diamino acid in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound after purification. After cleavage of the ester moiety with palladium(0) in an appropriate solvent, the compound is treated with EDCI and base in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound after purification. Cleavage of Fmoc protecting group by treatment with an suitable base affords the desired product. The free amine is then treated in the presence of an suitable polymer supported base with sulfonyl chlorides, acid chlorides or isocyanates to afford the desired compounds after purification. Removal of the Boc-protecting group with acid in a suitable solvent affords the final desired compounds after purification.

Starting with the enantiomers of the amino acid derivatives above, and proceeding through the general procedures as described above, the enantiomeric piperazinone derivatives can be made.

General synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds with bridged piperazinones of this invention with R^(13a,b)=(═O)

After removing the Fmoc group of the commercially available amino acid with Et₂NH, the primary amine is treated in an appropriate solvent with aldehydes or ketones in a reductive amination reaction to afford the desired products. Alternatively, the commercially available N-Boc-protected hydroxy amino acid ester can be treated with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride. The nucleophilic displacement reaction of the triflate with commercially available amines affords the desired products, after saponification of the ester moiety with base and purification. These compounds are then treated with EDCl and a base in an suitable solvent to afford the cyclic amides after purification. These compounds are converted to the desired products by removing the Boc-protection group. These compounds are then reacted in a suitable solvent with a cyclic sulfamidate, derived from a serine derivative, in the presence of base. Saponification of the ester of the reaction product with a suitable base yields the desired acid compounds after purification. Further treatment of the free acids with EDCI in the presence of an appropriate base and a suitable amine derivative, followed by acidic removal of the Boc-protecting group yields the desired compounds after purification.

Starting with the enantiomers of the amino acid and amine derivatives above, and proceeding through the general procedures as described above, the enantiomeric piperazinone derivatives can be made.

General synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds with bridged piperazines of this invention with R^(13a,b) and R^(14a,b)=H

The commercially available bridged piperazine derivate is treated with a commercially available aziridine ester in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound after purification. After acidic removal of the Boc-protection group, the desired product reacts in presence of a base with an acid chloride or sulfonic acid chloride to yield the desired products after purification. After basic saponification, the free acids are treated with EDCI in the presence of an appropriate base and a suitable amine derivative to afford the desired compounds after purification. The Cbz-protecting group is then removed by treatment with TMSI and subsequent purification to afford the desired final compounds.

Starting with the enantiomers of the amine and aziridine derivatives above, and proceeding through the general procedures as described above, the enantiomeric piperazine derivatives can be made.

As can be seen by the generic schemes, each of the structures of “B” bonds to the “A” structures on its left side and to the “D” structures on its right side as each is depicted below. The compound A-B-D chooses an “A” which includes the following:

A is desirably

The “B” structures are chosen from:

Desirably, B is one of structure (a), (b), (c), and (d). More desirably, B is structure (b)

The “D” structures are chosen from:

The substituents are selected as follows:

E, G, and M represent a three ring system wherein M shares two carbon atoms with each of E and G;

E and G are each independently selected from 6-membered aryl, 5-membered heteroaryl; 6-membered heteroaryl; a 5-7-membered saturated or partially saturated carbocyclic ring; and a 5-7 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocyclic ring; desirably E and G are substituted phenyl; M is a 5-7-membered saturated or partially saturated carboxylic or heterocyclic ring, or a 5-6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring.

E may be substituted with one or more R¹ groups;

G may be substituted with one or more R² groups;

X and Y are divalent and are each independently: a bond, CR⁴R⁵, O, NR⁴, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, C(═O), (C═O)N(R⁴), S(═O)₂N(R⁴), C═N—OR⁴, —C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴)═C(R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)NR⁴—, —C(R⁴R⁵)O—, —C(R⁴R⁵)S(═O)_(t)—, —(C═O)O—, —(C═NR^(a))N(R⁴)—, —(C═NR^(a))—, N(C═O)NR⁴NR⁵, N(C═O)R⁴, N(C═O)OR⁴, NS(═O)₂NR⁴NR⁵, NS(═O)₂R⁴; or aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, all may be optionally substituted;

R¹ and R² are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all of which may be optionally substituted. Desirably, R¹ and R² may be defined independently as —H, —F, —Cl, —CONR⁴R⁵, —CO₂H, —CN or —SO₂NR⁴R⁵R².

R³ is absent or is halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all of which may be optionally substituted. Desirably, R³ is absent or is —H, —OH, —CO₂H, —CN, —CONR⁴R⁵, R⁵, aryl, NH(C═O)R⁴, NH(SO₂)R⁴, heteroaryl —SO₃H, —PO₃H₂, —CONR⁴R⁵, R⁵, aryl, NH(C═O)R⁴, or NH(SO₂)R⁴, and more desirably, R³ is —CONR⁴R⁵ or tetrazolyl.

R^(a) is hydrogen, CN, NO₂, alkyl, haloalkyl, S(O)_(t)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, C(O)OR⁴, C(O)R⁴, or C(O)NR⁴R⁵;

each occurrence of R⁴, R⁵, R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted, or R⁴ and R⁵ when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and may optionally contain a heteroatom selected from O, S, or NR⁵⁰ and the 3- to 8-membered ring may be optionally substituted. Desirably, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently —H or alkyl.

R⁵⁰ is, in each occurrence, R²⁰, CN, NO₂, S(O)_(t)NR²⁰R²¹, S(O)_(t)R²⁰, C(O)OR²⁰, C(O)R²⁰C(═NR^(a))NR²⁰R²¹, C(═NR²⁰)NR²¹R^(a), C(═NOR²⁰)R²¹ or C(O)NR²⁰R²¹;

each occurrence of R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all may be optionally substituted. Desirably, R⁷ and R⁸ are independently H or alkyl.

R⁹ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl, desirably H.

R¹⁰ is halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (CO—C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (CO—C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, B(OH)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted. Desirably R¹⁰ is CN.

R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (CO—C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and aminoalkyl all may be optionally substituted;

R^(13a) and R^(13b) are each independently R⁵ or together are ═O;

R^(14a) and R^(14b) are each independently R⁵ or together are ═O;

R^(13c) and R^(14c) are each independently R⁵;

Q^(a) is CH or N;

Q^(b) is CH or N;

U is —C(O)—, —C(═NR⁴)—, —(CR⁴R⁵—)_(p), NR⁵⁰, S(═O)₂, C(═O), (C═O)N(R⁴), N(R⁴)(C═O), S(═O)₂N(R⁴), N(R⁴)S(═O)₂, C═N—OR⁴, —C(R⁴)═C(R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)_(p)NR⁵⁰—, N(R⁵⁰)C(R⁴R⁵)_(p)—, —O—C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)S(═O)_(t)—, —(C═O)O—, —(C═NR^(a))N(R⁴)—, —(C═NR^(a))—, N(C═O)NR⁴NR⁵, N(C═O)R⁴, N(C═O)OR⁴, NS(═O)₂NR⁴NR⁵, NS(═O)₂R⁴, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, all of which may be optionally substituted. Desirably, U is CH₂.

W is —CH₂—, —S—, —CHF— or —CF₂—;

Z is C or N;

m is 1, or 2;

n is 0, 1, or 2;

p is 0 to 6;

q is 0 to 6; and

t is 0, 1, or 2.

EXAMPLES

Compounds of the present invention having one or more optically active carbons can exist as racemates and racemic mixtures, diasteromeric mixtures and individual diastereomers, enantiomeric mixtures and single enantiomers, tautomers, atropisomers, and rotamers, with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention. Compounds described in this invention containing olefinic double bonds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Also included in this invention are all salt forms, polymorphs, hydrates and solvates. All of the above mentioned compounds are included within the scope of the invention.

The DPP-IV inhibition activity of the DPP-IV inhibitor compounds of the present invention may be measured using any suitable assay known in the art. A standard in vitro assay for measuring DPP-IV inhibitor activity is described.

The synthesis of DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the invention and their biological activity assay are described in the following examples which are not intended to be limiting in any way.

Examples and Methods

All reagents and solvents were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification. Proton (¹H) spectra were recorded on a 250 MHz NMR spectrometer in deuterated solvents. Chromatography was performed using Roth silica gel (Si 60, 0.06-0.2 mm) and suitable organic solvents as indicated in specific examples. For flash chromatography Roth silica gel (Si 60, 0.04-0.063 mm) was used. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on silica gel plates with UV detection. Preparative thin layer chromatography (Prep-TLC) was conducted with 0.5 mm or 1 mm silica gel plates (Merck Si 60, F₂₅₄) and the solvents indicated in the specific examples.

Preparative Example 1

Commercially available prolinamide (5 g) was first treated with bromacetylbromide (4.2 ml) in CH₂Cl₂ and then with trifluoracetic acid anhydride in CH₂Cl₂ as described in WO 98/19998 to afford the title compound (7.85 g; 83%).

¹HNMR δ (CDCl₃) 2.05-2.40 (m, 4H), 3.51-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.80-3.85 (m, 2H), 4.70-4.86 (m, 1H).

Preparative Example 2

Step A

Commercially available L-prolinamide (25 g) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1200 ml) and triethylamine (30 ml) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.9 g) added. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and treated with fumaryl chloride (11.7 ml). The dark mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h and cooled to 0° C. TFAA (77 ml) was added dropwise under stirring and the solution allowed to warm to rt over 6 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 to 2 days. Ice (500 g) was added followed by cautious addition of sat. NaHCO₃ (600 ml). After the evolution of gas had ceased, the organic phase was separated and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (350 ml), H₂O (350 ml), and brine (200 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (28.6 g; 98%).

¹HNMR δ (CDCl₃) 2.12-2.30 (m, 8H), 3.58-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.73-3.89 (m, 2H), 4.72-4.83 (m, 2H), 7.26 (s, 2H).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (9.6 g) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (90 ml) and MeOH (90 ml) and cooled to −78° C. At −78° C. a slow flow of ozone (originating from an O₂ cylinder) was passed through the mixture for 3 h. The mixture was purged with N₂ and dimethylsulfide (6 ml) added. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, allowed to reach rt and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 100:0->92:8) to afford the title compound as a mixture of the aldehyde and methoxy hemiacetal in a ratio of ˜1:9 (8.9 g; 69%).

¹HNMR δ (D₂O) 2.10-2.38 (m, 4H), 3.32 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.84 (m, 2H), 4.72-4.81 (m, 1H), 5.5 (s, 9/10H), 7.9 (s, 1/10H).

Preparative Example 3

Step A

Commercially available 2-cyano-3-methylpyridine (25 g) was dissolved in t-butanol (50 ml) and stirred at 80° C. Concentrated sulphuric acid (25 ml) was slowly added over a period of 45 minutes. After complete addition of the acid stirring was continued at 80° C. for 1 h. The reaction was diluted with water (50 ml) and toluene (125 ml). The pH was adjusted to 10 with 25% aqueous ammonia (110 ml). The separated organic phase was concentrated in vacuum affording the desired product (27 g, 90%).

¹HNMR δ (CDCl₃) 1.4 (s, 9H), 2.7 (s, 3H), 7.2-7.3 (m, 1H), 7.6 (m, 1H), 8.1 (s br, 1H), 8.4 (m, 1H)

Step B

The title compound of Step A (12 g) above was dissolved in THF (150 ml) and cooled to −64° C. n-Butyllithium (1.6 M in hexane, 77 ml) was added over a period of 30 min. After addition of sodium bromide (0.6 g) stirring was continued for 30 min at −64° C. m-Chlorobenzylchloride (11 g) was added while the temperature was kept below −55° C. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at −60° C. and for further 2 h at −110° C. Subsequently, the reaction was quenched with water (100 ml) and concentrated. The aqueous phase was extracted with chloroform (3×100 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuum affording the title compound (22 g; 82%).

¹HNMR δ (CDCl₃) 1.4 (s, 9H), 2.9-3.0 (m, 2H), 3.4-3.5 (m, 2H), 7.0-7.4 (m, 6H), 8.0 (s br, 1H), 8.4 (m, 1H)

Step C

The title compound of Step B (21.5 g) above was dissolved in phosphorus oxychloride (80 ml) and refluxed for 5 h. The reaction was concentrated and neutralized with 50% aqueous NaOH. The solid was separated and washed with hot isopropanol to afford the title compound (10.4 g; 63%)

¹HNMR δ (CDCl₃) 2.9-3.0 (m, 2H), 3.0-3.2 (m, 2H), 7.0-7.3 (m, 4H), 7.3-7.4 (m, 1H), 7.4-7.5 (m, 1H), 8.5-8.6 (m, 1H)

Step D

The title compound of Step C (10 g) above was dissolved in trifluorosulfonic acid (80 ml) and stirred at 60° C. for 1 h. At rt 6 N aqueous HCl (80 ml) was dropwise added. The reaction was refluxed for 1 h and subsequently, poured on ice. After neutralization with 50% aqueous NaOH the precipitate was separated, washed with water and recrystallized from isopropanol/water (3.1) affording the title compound. The mother liquor was concentrated and the residue washed with water and chloroform to afford additional title compound (9.4 g; 94%).

¹HNMR δ (MeOD-d₄) 3.3-3.4 (m, 2H), 3.4-3.5 (m, 2H), 7.5 (m, 2H), 8.1-8.2 (m, 2H), 8.7 (d, 1H), 8.9 (d, 1H)

Step E

The title compound of Step D (700 mg) above was dissolved in MeOH (10 ml) and cooled to 0° C. NaBH₄ (95 mg) was added in one portion. The mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was acidified with 1 N HCl and subsequently, brought to pH 12 with 1 N NaOH. The mixture was poured in water (100 ml) and extracted with CHCl₃ (100 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated affording the title compound (705 mg; 100%).

¹HNMR δ (MeOD-d₄) 3.0-3.4 (m, 4H), 6.1 (s, 1H), 7.1.7.3 (m, 3H), 7.5-7.6 (m, 2H), 8.3.8.4 (m, 1H)

Step F

The title compound of step E (370 mg) above was dissolved in toluene (5 ml) and cooled to −15° C. Thionyl chloride (286 mg) was slowly added and the reaction was allowed to come to RT and run overnight. The solution was neutralized with triethylamine and directly used in the next step.

Preparative Example 4

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 3 Step E (285 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (10 ml) and 10% Pd/C (100 mg) and ammonium formate (916 mg) were added. The mixture was refluxed for 2 h. Subsequently, the reaction was treated with water (20 ml) and extracted twice with chloroform (50 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane 1:4) to afford the title compound (200 mg; 82%).

¹HNMR δ (MeOD-d₄) 2.9-3.1 (m, 2H), 3.3-3.6 (m, 2H), 6.3 (s, 1H), 7.0-7.3 (m, 4H), 7.4 (m, 1H), 7.8 (m, 1H), 8.3 (m, 1H)

Step B

The title compound of Step A (200 mg) above was dissolved in toluene (5 ml) and cooled to −15° C. Thionyl chloride (235 mg) was slowly added and the reaction was allowed to come to RT and run overnight. The solution was neutralized with triethylamine directly used.

Preparative Example 5

To a cooled solution (12° C.) of commercially available ethylenediamine (30 ml) was added within 5 min commercially available dibenzosuberylchloride (3.3 g). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h and then K₂CO₃ (5.8 g) was added. After an additional 30 min at rt, the mixture as filtered, the salts washed with 5 ml ethylenediamine and the filtrates concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 80 ml EtOAc, 20 ml H₂O and 5 ml NH₄OH-solution (25%). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (3.4 g; 93%; MH⁺=253).

Preparative Example 6-9

The title compounds from Preparative Example 6 to 9 were prepared according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 5 using the chlorides and amines as indicated in the Table below. In case the chlorides did not dissolve in the amines after 10 Min, CH₃CN or THF was added until a clear solution was obtained.

Preparative 1. Yield Example Chloride Amine Product 2. MH⁺ 6

NH₄OH

1. 61% 2. ¹H-NMR δ (CDCl₃) 2.0 (s, 2H), 3.10-3.24 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.45 (m, 2H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 7.10-7.19 (m, 6H), 7.36-7.41 (m, 2H) 7

1. 97% 2. 281 8

1. 60% 2. 288 9

1. 78% 2. ¹H-NMR δ (CD₃OD) 2.6-2.8 (m, 4H), 3.0-3.2 (m, 2H), 3.3-3.6 (m, 2H), 5.2 (s, 1H), 7.1-7.2 (m, 4H), 7.3-7.4 (m, 1H), 7.5 (m, 1H), 8.2-8.3 (m, 1H)

Preparative Example 10

Step A

Commercially available dibenzosuberylchloride (300 mg) and 4-N-Boc-amino-piperidine (290 mg) were suspended in CH₃CN (10 ml). After 10 min K₂CO₃ (545 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (30 ml) and H₂O (15 ml), the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (460 mg; 89%; MH⁺=393).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (460 mg) was dissolved in a solution of 4 M HCl in dioxane (20 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h and concentrated to afford the title compound (335 mg; 97%; MH⁺=293).

Preparative Example 11-12

The title compounds from Preparative Example 11 and 12 were prepared according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 10 using the chlorides and amines as indicated in the Table below.

Preparative 1. Yield Example Chloride Amine Product 2. MH⁺ 11

1. 64% 2. 279 12

1. 56% 2. 265

Preparative Example 13

Step A

To a suspension of AgCN (4.7 g) in CH₃CN (60 ml) under nitrogen was added at rt a solution of commercially available dibenzosuberylchloride (6 g) in CH₃CN (60 ml) and benzene (10 ml). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h, cooled to rt and filtered. The salts were washed with 20 ml CH₃CN and the filtrates concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane, 1:9) to afford the title compound (5 g; 87%; MNa⁺=242).

Step B

A suspension of LiAlH₄ (360 mg) in Et₂O (20 ml) was slowly treated with a solution of AlCl₃ (950 mg) in Et₂O (20 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min and then the title compound from Step A above (1.03 g) was added within 5 min. The mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min and then refluxed for 8 h. After the addition of H₂O (20 ml) and 25% NH₄OH (6 ml), the mixture was filtered and the salts washed with H₂O (20 ml) and Et₂O (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (157 mg; 15%; MH⁺=224).

Preparative Example 14

Step A

To a solution of commercially available iminodibenzyl (5 g) in toluene (25 ml) was added commercially available bromoacetylbromide (4.35 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h 30 Min, cooled and concentrated. A portion of the crude product (800 mg) was dissolved in DMA (6 ml) and treated with NaN₃ (815 mg). The mixture was heated at 60-70° C. overnight and diluted with EtOAc (30 ml) and H₂O (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was treated with EtOAc/cyclohexane (1:9) (2 ml), sonicated for 2 min and the solvents removed by syringe. The residue was dried to afford the title compound (483 mg; 69%; MH⁺=279).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (483 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (25 ml) and 10% Pd/C (100 mg) added. The mixture was hydrogenated for 1 h, filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH (10 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (415 mg; 95%; MH⁺=253).

Step C

To a suspension of LiAlH₄ (242 mg) in THF (6 ml) was added a solution of the title compound from Step B above (322 mg) in THF (6 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h 30 min. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., quenched with H₂O (0.3 ml) and diluted with 15% NH₄OH-solution (0.3 ml) and H₂O (0.8 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 Min, filtered and the salts washed with THF (8 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (79 mg; 26%; MH⁺=239).

Preparative Example 15

Step A

A mixture of commercially available dibenzosuberenol (1.5 g) and malonic acid (830 mg) was heated at 160-170° C. for 2 h. A mixture of H₂O (5 ml) and 0.1 M HCl (5 ml) was added and the mixture cooled to rt. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 ml) and H₂O (10 ml), the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 98:2->CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 9:1) to afford the title compound (775 mg; 43%; MNa⁺=273).

Step B

A mixture of title compound from Step A above (775 mg) and triethylamine (0.59 ml) in THF (20 ml) was cooled to −40° C. and treated with isobutylchloroformate. After stirring at −40° C. for 1 h, the mixture was filtered and the salts washed with THF (5 ml). The filtrates were then treated at 0° C. with 25% NH₄OH (15 ml) for 1 h 30 min. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (60 ml), the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was treated with CHCl₃ (1.5 ml), the solvent removed by syringe and the residue dried to afford the title compound (677 mg; 88%; MH⁺=250).

Step C

To a suspension of LiAlH₄ (513 mg) in THF (15 ml) was added a solution of the title compound from Step B above (677 mg) in THF (25 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., quenched with H₂O (0.65 ml) and diluted with 4 M NaOH-solution (2.5 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 Min, filtered and the salts washed with THF (15 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (560 mg; 88%; MH⁺=236).

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (350 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (15 ml) and 10% Pd/C (300 mg) and 1 M HCl (1.5 ml) were added. The mixture was hydrogenated overnight, filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH (10 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (30 ml) and sat. NaHCO₃ (10 ml). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (20 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (232 mg; 66%; MH⁺=238).

Preparative Example 16

Step A

The intermediate from Preparative Example 14 Step A (1 g) was dissolved in DMA (6 ml) and treated with NaCN (368 mg). The mixture was heated at 60-70° C. overnight and diluted with EtOAc (50 ml) and H₂O (15 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 98:2) to afford the title compound (282 mg; 34%; MH⁺=263).

Step B

To a suspension of LiAlH₄ (123 mg) in THF (6 ml) was added a solution of the title compound from Step A above (282 mg) in THF (6 ml). The mixture was heated at 50° C. for 2 h, cooled to 0° C. and treated with H₂O (0.2 ml) and 4 M NaOH (0.8 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 Min, treated with MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 95:5->CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (32 mg; 12%; MH⁺=253).

Preparative Example 17

Step A

To a suspension of magnesium (701 mg) in Et₂O (7 ml) was slowly added ethylbromide (2.15 ml). After the formation of the Grignard reagent, the mixture was cooled to 5° C. and a solution of diethylamine (3 ml) in Et₂O (5 ml) was slowly added. The mixture was refluxed for 30 Min, cooled to 5° C. and treated with a mixture of commercially available dibenzosuberone (3 g) and tert-butylacetate (1.95 ml) in Et₂O (15 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h, cooled to rt and poured onto ice-water containing an excess of NH₄Cl. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 ml), the organic phase dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane, 1:9) to afford the title compound (3.5 g; 75%; MNa⁺=347).

Step B

To a suspension of LiAlH₄ (346 mg) in THF (12 ml) was added a solution of the title compound from Step A above (2 g) in THF (12 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h, cooled to 0° C. and treated 4 M NaOH (4.5 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 45 min and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (100 ml), H₂O (10 ml) and sat. NH₄Cl (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane, 3:7) to afford the title compound (937 mg; 60%; MNa⁺=277).

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (937 mg) was dissolved in benzene (1.5 ml) and pyridine (1.5 ml). The mixture was cooled to 5° C. and treated with a solution of p-tosylchloride in benzene (1.5 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 7 h, diluted with EtOAc (40 ml) and washed with 0.1 M HCl (10 ml), sat. NaHCO₃ (10 ml) and brine (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude intermediate was dissolved in DMA (9 ml) and treated with NaN₃ (1.2 g). The mixture was heated at 70° C. overnight and the DMA removed. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (50 ml), sat. NaHCO₃ (10 ml) and brine (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane, 1:4) to afford the title compound (704 mg; 68%; MNa⁺=302).

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (200 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (8 ml) and 10% Pd/C (40 mg) added. The mixture was hydrogenated for 1 h 30 Min, filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH (10 ml). The filtrates were concentrated to afford the title compound (175 mg; 96%; MH⁺=254).

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (75 mg) was dissolved in EtOH (1 ml) and a 4 M solution of HCl in dioxane (1 ml) added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (20 ml) and sat. NaHCO₃ (5 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (67 mg; 96%; M⁺—NH₃=219).

Preparative Example 18

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 13 Step A (1.1 g) was dissolved in THF (5 ml) and added to a suspension of NaH (132 mg) in THF (5 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 1 h, cooled to rt and treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (0.9 ml) in THF (1 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 4 h, cooled to rt and filtered. The salts were washed with THF (5 ml) and the filtrates concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DMA (12 ml) and treated with NaN₃ (1.6 g). The mixture was heated at 60-70° C. overnight and the DMA removed. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (40 ml) and H₂O (10 ml), the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane, 1:9) to afford the title compound (1.14 g; 78%; MH⁺=289).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (510 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (20 ml) and 10% Pd/C (150 mg) and 2 M HCl (0.9 ml) added. The mixture was hydrogenated for 1 h 30 Min, filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH (10 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 95:5 to CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 4:1) to afford a mixture of the title compound and the cyclic amidine (450 mg; 96%; MH+=263).

Step C

The title compounds from Step B above (350 mg) were treated with 2 ml 57% H₂SO₄. The mixture was heated at 100° C. for 3 h, cooled to rt and diluted with H₂O (10 ml). The mixture was made alkaline (pH˜11) by adding 10% NaOH and extracted with EtOAc (3×30 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1 to CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (7 M NH₃), 9:1) to afford a mixture of the title compound and the cyclic amidine (223 mg; 60%; MH⁺=281).

Preparative Example 19

Step A

Commercially available (S)-2-aminopropan-1-ol (2.0 g) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) and Boc₂O (6.4 g) was added. After stirring for 4 h at room temperature the solvent was removed to afford the title compound (4.7 g, 99%).

¹H-NMR δ (CDCl₃): 1.10 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 9H), 2.40 (s, 1H), 3.45-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.80 (m, 1H), 4.80 (s, 1H).

Step B

Imidazole (4.1 g) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) and cooled to 0° C. Thionyl chloride (1.3 ml) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) was added dropwise and the resulting suspension was allowed to warm to rt. Stirring was continued for 1 h at rt and then the mixture was cooled to −78° C. A solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.8 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) was added over a period of 1 h and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred overnight. The mixture was filtered through celite and the filter aid was washed well with CH₂Cl₂. The organic phase was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to a volume of approx. 100 ml.

A solution of NaIO₄ (4.3 g) in water (100 ml) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. Ru(IV)O₂ hydrate (150 mg) was added and the black suspension was stirred for 2 h at 0° C. It was then warmed to rt and stirred overnight. The mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried and filtered. Treatment of the filtrate with activated charcoal (2 g) for 30 min removed traces of ruthenium. The mixture was filtered again and evaporated to yield the title compound (1.5 g, 63%).

¹H-NMR δ (CDCl₃): 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 4.14 (dd, 1H), 4.29-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.61 (dd, 1H).

Preparative Example 20

The title compound from Preparative Example 20 was prepared according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 19 using the aminoalcohol as indicated in the Table below.

Preparative 1. Yield Example Aminoalcohol Product 2. ¹H-NMR 20

1. 69% 2. ¹H-NMR δ (CDCl₃): 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 4.14 (dd, 1H), 4.29-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.61 (dd, 1H).

Preparative Example 21

Step A

To a stirred solution of the commercially available 2-(S)-amino propanol (17.4 g) in water (200 ml) was added a solution of triethylamine (32 ml) in dioxane (200 ml). To the solution was added commercially available 1-[2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethoxy-carbonyloxy]pyrrolidin-2,5-dione (60 g). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, then diluted with water (200 ml), acidified with 1 N HCl, and extracted with Et₂O (2×500 ml). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to afford the title compound (44.2 g; 87

¹H-NMR δ (CDCl₃): 0.02 (s, 9H), 0.90-1.05 (m, 2H), 1.20 (d, 3H), 2.80 (br s, 1H), 3.40-3.80 (m, 3H), 4.10-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.85 (s, 1H).

Step B

Imidazole (96 g) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1200 ml) and cooled to 0° C. Thionyl chloride (30.8 ml) was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (600 ml) and added dropwise. The resulting suspension was allowed to warm to rt. Stirring was continued for 1 h at rt and then the mixture was cooled to −78° C. A solution of the title compound from Step A above (44.2 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (1200 ml) was added over a period of 1 h and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred overnight. The mixture was filtered through celite, the filter aid was washed well with CH₂Cl₂. The organic phase was washed with water (2×700 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to a volume of approx. 1000 ml.

A solution of NaIO₄ (100 g) in water (1000 ml) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. RuO₂×H₂O (1 g) was added and the black suspension was stirred for 2 h at 0° C. It was then warmed to rt and stirred overnight. The phases were separated and the organic phase was treated with granulated charcoal (˜20 g). The mixture was stirred for approx. 1 h, filtered through celite and the filtrate was dried with MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to yield the title compound (50.7 g, 89%).

¹H-NMR δ (CDCl₃): 0.02 (s, 9H), 1.00-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.50 (d, 3H), 4.15 (dd, 1H), 4.35-4.45 (m, 3H), 4.65 (dd, 1H).

Preparative Example 22-23

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 21 but using the aminoalcohols as indicated in the Table below, the title compounds were obtained.

Preparative 1. Yield Example Aminoalcohol Product 2. ¹H-NMR 22

1. 58% 2. ¹H-NMR δ (CDCl₃): 0.02 (s, 9H), 1.00-1.15 (m, 2H), 4.00-4.10 (m, 2H), 4.25-4.40 (m, 2H), 4.55-4.65 (m, 2H). 23

1. 32% (M + Na)⁺ = 318

Preparative Example 24-46

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 21 but using the aminoalcohols as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired products.

Preparative Example Aminoalcohol Product 24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

Preparative Example 47

Step A

A suspension of NaH (132 mg) in THF (10 ml) was added to a solution of Preparative Example 13 Step A (1.1 g) in THF (20 ml) and heated at 60° C. for 1 h. Then the mixture was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of Preparative Example 19 (1.2 g) in THF (10 ml) was added. The suspension was heated at 60° C. for 4 h and then diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over MgSO₄. Removal of the solvents and column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane, 1:4) afford the title compound (1.7 g, 90%, MH⁺=377).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (1.5 g) was dissolved in 57% H₂SO₄ and the solution was heated at 100° C. for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was discarded and 50%-aqueous KOH solution added to the aqueous phase until pH>8. The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×75 ml). The organic phase was washed with water, brine, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to afford the title compound. (600 mg, 53%).

¹H-NMR δ (CDCl₃): 0.95 (d, 3H), 1.82 (s, 2H), 2.37-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.92 (m, 1H), 3.18 (s, 4H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 7.08-7.24 (m, 6H), 7.40-7.48 (m, 2H).

Preparative Example 48

The title compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 47 using the sulfamidate from Preparative Example 20 as indicated in the Table below.

Preparative 1. Yield Example Nitrile Sulfamidate Product 2. ¹H-NMR 48

1. 80% 2. ¹H-NMR δ (CDCl₃): 0.95 (d, 3H), 1.82 (s, 2H), 2.37- 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.82- 2.92 (m, 1H), 3.18 (s, 4H), 5.60 (s, 2H), 7.08- 7.24 (m, 6H), 7.40- 7.48 (m, 2H).

Preparative Example 49

Step A

Commercially available 2,5-dibromotoluene (8.28 ml) was dissolved in hexane (90 ml) and treated with a 1.6 M solution of butyllithium in hexane (160 ml). The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 20 h, cooled to rt and poured onto a mixture of dry ice in Et₂O (750 ml). The mixture was allowed to warm to rt, filtered and the precipitate washed with 90 ml Et₂O. The precipitate was titrated with 140 ml glacial acetic acid to afford the title compound (10 g; 92%).

¹H-NMR δ (DMSO-d₆) 2.58 (s, 3H), 7.80-7.90 (m, 3H)

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (13 g) was suspended in MeOH (300 ml) and slowly treated with thionyl chloride (15.7 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h to become a clear solution. The solvents were concentrated to afford the title compound (13.3 g; 88%; MH⁺=209).

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (13.3 g) was dissolved in CCl₄ (500 ml) and commercially available N-bromosuccinimide (10.7 g) added. The mixture was heated to 80° C. and commercially available AIBN (327 mg) added. The mixture was then irradiated with a 100 W light bulb and heated at 100-105° C. for 2 h 30 min. The cooled mixture was filtered and the precipitate washed with 50 ml CCl₄. The filtrates were concentrated and the residue dissolved in CH₃CN (180 ml). The mixture was treated with triphenylphosphine (16 g) and heated under reflux for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated to ˜100 ml and Et₂O (500 ml) added. The mixture was allowed to stand at rt for 30 Min, filtered and the precipitate washed with Et₂O (30 ml) to afford the title compound (20 g; 57%).

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (20 g) was suspended in CH₃CN (160 ml) and commercially available 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde (5.4 ml) added. The mixture was then treated with commercially available DBN (10 ml) and heated at 100° C. for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated to half its volume and poured into H₂O (150 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×150 ml), the organic phase washed with 5% HCl (2×75 ml), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was suspended in H₂O (240 ml) and MeOH (20 ml) and KOH (20 g) added. The mixture was heated at 100° C. for 16 h, cooled to rt and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (3×75 ml). The aqueous phase was acidified (pH˜1) by adding conc. HCl, filtered, the precipitate washed with H₂O (20 ml) and air-dried. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (900 ml) and 10% Pd/C (1.5 g) added. The mixture was hydrogenated for 1 h, filtered, the catalyst washed with MeOH (50 ml) and concentrated to afford the title compound (8.6 g; 82%; MH⁺=289).

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (1.44 g) was suspended in sulfolane (9 ml) and treated with polyphosphoric acid (30 g). The mixture was heated under N₂ at 170-175° C. for 3 h and poured onto ice-water (150 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h, extracted with EtOAc (2×150 ml), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (20 ml) and treated with thionyl chloride (1 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 1 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in Et₂O (100 ml) and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (30 ml) and brine (30 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound (960 mg; 67%; MH⁺=285).

Step F

The title compound from Step E (1420 mg) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (20 ml) and MeOH (20 ml) and treated with NaBH₄ (230 mg). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h and poured onto ice-water (150 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×150 ml), the organic phase dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (1420 mg; 99%, M⁺+Na=309).

Step G

The title compound from Step F above (1420 mg) was dissolved in THF (20 ml) and treated with thionyl chloride (0.91 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h and concentrated without heating. The residue was dissolved in CH₃CN (17 ml) and treated with AgCN (785 mg). The mixture was heated at 90° C. for 2 h 30 Min, filtered and the salts washed with CH₃CN (40 ml). The filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound (1160 mg; 79%; MH⁺=296).

Step H

The title compound from Step G above (1327 mg) was dissolved in degassed THF (15 ml) and added to a suspension of NaH (119 mg) in degassed THF (5 ml). The mixture was heated at 90° C. for 1 h 15 min and cooled to rt. The mixture was then treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (0.81 ml) in THF (1 ml) and the mixture was heated at 90° C. for 4 h 30 min. The mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with 100 ml EtOAc, 10 ml brine and 10 ml sat. NH₄Cl. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DMA (10 ml) and treated with NaN₃ (720 mg). The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 16 h and diluted with EtOAc (100 ml) and brine (15 ml). The organic phase was separated, washed with 0.1 m HCl (15 ml) and brine (15 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane, 1:4) to afford the title compound (931 mg; 57%; MH⁺=365).

Step I

The title compound from Step H above (1050 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (40 ml). The mixture was treated with concentrated HCl (0.25 ml) and 10% Pd/C (250 mg). The mixture was hydrogenated for 1 h, filtered and the catalyst washed with MeOH (20 ml). The filtrates were concentrated to afford a mixture of the title compound and the cyclic amidine in a 9:1 ratio (950 mg; 97%; MH⁺=339).

Step J

The title compounds from Step I above (950 mg) were treated with 57% H₂SO₄ (5 ml) and heated under N₂ at 90° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled, diluted with H₂O (80 ml) and made alkaline (pH˜10) by adding 50% NaOH. The mixture was washed with EtOAc (20 ml) and the aqueous phase diluted with dioxane (40 ml). The mixture was treated with an excess of Boc₂O and stirred at rt for 16 h while the pH was kept at pH˜10.0. The mixture was acidified to pH˜4.0 by adding 1 M HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2×150 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) to elute the cyclic amidine side product, followed by CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4:1) to afford the title compound (282 mg, 23%; MNa⁺=465).

Step K

The title compound from Step J above (135 mg) was dissolved in THF (6 ml) and triethylamine (0.056 ml). The mixture was cooled to −40° C. and treated with ethyl chloroformate (0.031 ml). The mixture was stirred at −40° C. for 1 h, diluted with 4 ml THF and treated at 0° C. with 33% aqueous ammonia solution (10 ml). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then 1 h at rt. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (80 ml) and washed with brine (25 ml), sat. NH₄Cl (25 ml and brine (25 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (97 mg, 72%, MNa⁺=464).

Step L

The title compound from Step K above (94 mg) was treated with 4 M solution of HCl in dioxane (2.5 ml) and the flask was agitated for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in 5 ml H₂O. The mixture was filtered through a Millex VV (0.1 μM) filter unit and the filtrate concentrated to afford the title compound (65.8 mg, 82%, MH⁺=342).

Preparative Example 50

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 13 Step A (3.3 g) was dissolved in THF (5 ml) and slowly added to a suspension of NaH (540 mg) in THF (10 ml). The mixture was heated at reflux for 30 min, cooled to rt and treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (4 ml). The reaction was stirred at 60° C. overnight, cooled to rt and filtered. The solvent was removed affording the title compound (4.8 g; 98%)

¹HNMR δ CDCl₃ 2.9-3.2 (m, 6H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 2H), 7.1-7.3 (m, 6H), 7.9-8.0 (m, 2H)

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (1.5 g) and potassium phthalimide (13.8 g) were suspended in DMF (20 ml) and stirred at 100° C. overnight. The precipitate was removed and the reaction was concentrated in vacuum. Chromatography of the residue on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) afforded the title compound (1.4 g; 78%).

¹HNMR δ CDCl₃ 2.8-2.9 (m, 2H), 3.0-3.2 (m, 2H), 3.4-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.6-3.8 (m, 2H), 7.1-7.3 (m, 6H), 7.6-7.7 (m, 2H), 7.7-7.8 (m, 2H), 7.9-8.0 (m, 2H)

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (1.40 g) was dissolved in toluene (30 ml) and treated with dibutyltin oxide (446 mg) and trimethylsilylazide (2.3 ml). The mixture was heated under a N₂ atmosphere at 90° C. overnight. Additional dibutyltin oxide (200 mg) and trimethylsilylazide (2.3 ml) were added and the reaction was continued for 24 h at 90° C. The solvent was removed and the residue was treated with EtOAc (30 ml) and 1 N HCl (30 ml) at 50° C. for 1 h. The phases were separated and the organic phase was concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (600 mg, 39%, MH⁺=436).

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (200 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (5 ml) and treated with hydrazine hydrate (100 mg) at rt. The solution was heated at 80° C. for 2 h and then stirred for 1 h at rt. The reaction was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was treated with CHCl₃ and filtered again. The filtrate was concentrated to afford the title compound (60 mg, 43%, MH⁺=306).

Preparative Example 51

Step A

Commercially available 2-bromo-4-fluorotoluene (5 g) was diluted with diethyl ether (10 ml). About ⅓ of the resulting solution was added to magnesium turnings (761 mg) which were overlayed with Et₂O (25 ml). The remaining 2-bromo-4-fluorotoluene solution was added dropwise after the reaction started. The reaction was kept at reflux for 2 h. The Grignard reagent was poured onto a mixture of crushed dry ice in Et₂O (750 ml). The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt. The solvent was removed, the resulting residue was treated with EtOAc (100 ml) and extracted with aqueous 1 N HCl (100 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (2.3 g; 56%).

¹H-NMR δ CDCl₃ 2.5 (s, 3H), 7.0-7.2 (m, 2H), 7.7 (m, 1H)

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (2.3 g) was dissolved in THF (50 ml). Methyl iodide (0.95 ml) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.2 ml) were added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (2.3 g; 90%).

¹H-NMR δ CDCl₃ 2.6 (s, 3H), 3.9 (s, 3H), 7.0-7.2 (m, 2H), 7.6-7.7 (m, 1H)

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (8.9 g) and commercially available N-bromosuccinimide (14 g) were suspended in CCl₄ (500 ml). The mixture was heated to 80° C. and AIBN (270 mg) added. The mixture was irradiated with a 100 W light bulb and heated at 100-105° C. for 3.5 h. The cooled mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue dissolved in CH₃CN (150 ml). The mixture was treated with triphenylphosphine (14 g), heated under reflux for 3 h and then concentrated. The residue was suspended in CH₃CN (160 ml) and treated with commercially available 3-fluorobenzaldehyde (6.5 g) and DBN (13 ml). The mixture was heated under reflux for 3 h. The reaction was concentrated to half its volume and poured into H₂O (150 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×150 ml), the organic phase separated and concentrated. The residue was suspended in 1:1 H₂O/MeOH-mixture (100 ml) and treated with KOH (30 g). The mixture was stirred at 60° C. overnight, cooled to rt and washed with CHCl₃ (3×100 ml). The aqueous phase was acidified (pH˜1) by adding conc. HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was separated and concentrated. The crude residue was suspended in sulfolane (20 ml) and treated with polyphosphoric acid (25 g). The mixture was heated under N₂ at 200° C. for 2 h, poured onto ice-water (150 ml) and stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in Et₂O and extracted with H₂O. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/Cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (4.0 g; 31%; MH⁺=245).

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (5.4 g) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (5 ml) and MeOH (30 ml) and treated with NaBH₄ (1.4 g). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h and concentrated. The residue was suspended in CHCl₃ (50 ml) and extracted with aqueous HCl (50 ml; pH=1). The organic phase was separated, concentrated, then resuspended in toluene and concentrated again. The residue was dissolved in toluene (50 ml). SOCl₂ (3.94 ml) was added at 0° C. The reaction was stirred overnight at RT. The solvent was removed and the remaining material was suspended in toluene and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₃CN (50 ml) and treated with AgCN (2.96 g). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h and then stirred at 60° C. overnight. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/Cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (4.4 g; 78%).

¹H-NMR δ CDCl₃ 3.1-3.2 (m, 4H), 5.3 (s, 1H), 6.7-6.9 (m, 3H), 7.0-7.2 (m, 2H), 7.4 (m, 1H)

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (1.5 g) was dissolved in THF (5 ml) and slowly added at rt to a suspension of NaH (212 mg) in THF (10 ml). The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 30 min, then cooled to 0° C. and treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (2.3 ml). The reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 3 h, cooled to rt and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to afford the title compound (2.1 g; 99%).

¹H-NMR δ CDCl₃ 2.8-3.0 (m, 4H), 3.0-3.2 (m, 2H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 2H), 6.8-7.2 (m, 4H), 7.6 (m, 1H), 7.8-7.9 (m, 1H)

Step F

The title compound from Step E above (2.1 g) and potassium phthalimide (5.4 g) were suspended in DMF (30 ml) and stirred at 60° C. overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in CHCl₃, filtrated and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (1.91 g; 76%)

¹HNMR δ CDCl₃ 2.8-3.2 (m, 4H), 3.4-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.7-3.9 (m, 2H), 6.8-7.0 (m, 3H), 7.1-7.2 (m, 1H), 7.7-8.0 (m, 6H)

Step G

The title compound from Step F (1.90 g) was dissolved in toluene (20 ml) and treated with dibutyltin oxide (553 mg) and trimethylsilylazide (3.7 ml). The mixture was heated under a N₂ atmosphere at 90° C. for 4 d. The reaction was quenched with aqueous 1 N HCl (20 ml) and stirred for 1 h at 50° C. The phases were separated, the aqueous phase was extracted with toluene and the combined organic phase concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (600 mg, 33%, MH⁺=472).

Step H

The title compound from Step G above (300 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (5 ml) and treated with hydrazine hydrate (127 mg). The solution was stirred at 80° C. for 2 h and subsequently stirred for 1 h at rt. The solvent was removed and the residue treated with 1 N HCl (20 ml) and CHCl₃ (10 ml). The aqueous phase was separated, filtered and concentrated affording the title compound (240 mg, 100% MH⁺=342).

Preparative Example 52

Step A

Commercially available 2,4-dichlorotoluene (24.6 g) and dry copper(I) cyanide (50 g) in N-methylpyrrolidone (130 ml) were heated under reflux (200-216° C.) for 4 d. While hot (110° C.), the mixture was poured into a flask containing 33% aq. NH₄OH solution (390 ml) and toluene (100 ml) and stirred to break up the lumps. After the mixture was cooled to rt, Et₂O (100 ml) was added and filtered through cloth. The precipitate was washed (2×100 ml Et₂O/CHCl₃ 1:1). The dark filtrate was poured into a separatory funnel and the phases were separated with the aid of additional Et₂O (100 ml). The aqueous phase was extracted with Et₂O/CHCl₃ 1:1 (2×100 ml). The combined organic phases were washed with 10% NH₄OH solution (4×110 ml, until the basic phase was no longer blue), with H₂O (100 ml), and brine (100 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was mixed with NaOH (24.8 g) and diethylene glycol (275 ml) was added together with a few drops of H₂O. The mixture was heated at 215-220° C. overnight. The cooled mixture was diluted with H₂O (220 ml) and acidified to pH 1 with 10% aq. HCl. The suspension was filtered and the precipitate washed with 0.1 N HCl (50 ml). The solid was crystallised from glacial acetic acid to afford the title compound (18.4 g, 78%; MH⁺=181).

Step B

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step B, the title compound from Step A above (22.1 g) was reacted to afford the title compound (30.0 g, 100%).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.65 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 7.32 (d, 1H), 8.04 (dd, 1H), 8.56 (d, 1H).

Step C

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step C, the title compound from Step B above (30.0 g) was reacted. Differing from the cited example, the final mixture was allowed to stand over the weekend to form the precipitate. After filtration, the crude title compound was obtained (38.0 g, 100%; [M-Br]⁺=469).

Step D

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step D, the title compound from Step C above (38.0 g) was reacted. Differing from the cited example, the hydrogenation was run for 2 days. (29.2 g, 77%; MH⁺=289).

Step E

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step E, the title compound from Step D above (4.32 g) was reacted and the title compound obtained (1.77 g, 41%; MH⁺=285).

Step F

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step F, the title compound from Step E above (2.39 g) was reacted and the title compound obtained (2.45 g, 100%; MNa⁺=309).

Step G

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 49 Step G, the title compound from Step F above (3.07 g) was reacted and the title compound was obtained (2.17 g, 69%; MH⁺=296).

Step H

The title compound from Step G above (2.17 g) was dissolved in THF (30 ml) and added to a suspension of NaH (250 mg) in THF (9 ml). The mixture was heated at 90° C. for 1 h 15 min and cooled to rt. The mixture was then treated with 1,2-dibromoethane (1.6 ml) in THF (3.7 ml) and the mixture was heated at 90° C. for 4 h 30 min. The mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with 200 ml EtOAc, 20 ml brine and 20 ml sat. NH₄Cl. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂) to afford the bromoethyl intermediate (1.42 g, 50%; [MNH₄]⁺=419) and starting material (636 mg, 24%). The bromoethyl compound (1.42 g) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (18 ml) and treated with potassium phthalimide (1.96 g). The suspension was stirred at 80° C. overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue partitioned between EtOAc (50 ml), H₂O (50 ml) and brine (50 ml). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×50 ml) and the combined organic phase dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (1525 mg; 92%; MH⁺=469).

Step I

The title compound from Step H above (1475 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (25 ml) and treated with dibutyltin oxide (784 mg) and trimethylsilylazide (8.3 ml). The mixture was heated under a N₂ atmosphere at 90° C. for 3 days. The solvent was removed, the residue dissolved in MeOH (10 ml) and concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (100 ml) and 10%. NaHCO₃ (100 ml). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×70 ml) and the combined organic phase dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (1216 mg, 75%, MH⁺=512).

Step J

The title compound from Step I above (1216 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous MeOH (14 ml) and Et₃N (0.66 ml). The mixture was cooled to 5° C. and N,N′-dimethylamino-propylamine (0.71 ml) added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 25 h and subsequently evaporated, toluene (10 ml) added, evaporated again and dried in HV. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (8 ml) and H₂O (8 ml). To the slightly turbid solution was added Boc₂O (2.6 g) and Et₃N (1.2 ml) and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. After evaporation of the solvent, H₂O (20 ml) was added and the solution acidified to pH˜4.0 by adding 1 M HCl and the aqueous solution extracted with EtOAc (3×50 ml). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (15 ml), separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford the title compound (567 mg, 50%, MNa⁺=504).

Preparative Example 53

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 52 (215 mg) was dissolved in THF (4 ml) and 33% NH₄OH solution (40 ml) was added. The solution was stirred in a closed vessel at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and subsequently evaporated to dryness. The crude product, which consisted of a mixture of the amide (MNa⁺=489) and the free acid (MNa⁺=490), was dissolved in anhydrous THF (8.5 ml) and triethylamine (0.28 ml) added. The ensuing precipitate was dissolved by adding anhydrous CH₃CN (6 ml). The mixture was cooled to −40° C. and ethylchloroformate (0.17 ml) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at −25° C. for 1 h and allowed to warm to 0° C. At 0° C. 7 M NH₃/MeOH-solution (10 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and for 1 h at rt. The mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in H₂O (14 ml) and THF (3 ml). The pH was adjusted to pH˜4.0 by adding 0.1 N HCl and the aqueous phase—after addition of brine (10 ml)—extracted with EtOAc containing 10% THF (4×33 ml) and CH₂Cl₂ containing 10% THF (1×25 ml)). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (15 ml), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (241 mg; 100%, MNa⁺=489).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (240 mg) was suspended/dissolved in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 4:1 (5 ml) and a 4 M solution of HCl in dioxane (7 ml) added after which a clear solution was obtained. The mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h and concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc containing 10% THF (25 ml) and 0.01 N HCl (25 ml). The organic phase was extracted with H₂O (25 ml) and 0.01 N HCl (25 ml). The combined aqueous phase was concentrated to afford the title compound (162 mg, 90%, MH⁺=367).

Preparative Example 54

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 49 Step C (47.6 g) was suspended in CH₃CN (350 ml) and commercially available 3-bromobenzaldehyde (13.9 ml) added. After the addition of DBN (24 ml), the mixture was heated at 100° C. for 1 h. The mixture was cooled and the precipitate collected by filtration to afford the trans-olefin (7.5 g). The mother liquor was concentrated to half its volume and poured into H₂O (300 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×300 ml), the organic phase washed with 5% HCl (2×80 ml), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. To this residue was added the trans olefin from above and the mixture was suspended in H₂O (500 ml), MeOH (60 ml) and dioxane (60 ml). After the addition of KOH (47 g), the mixture was heated at 60° C. for 16 h, cooled to rt and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 ml). The aqueous phase was made acidic (pH˜1) by adding conc. HCl, filtered, the precipitate washed with H₂O (150 ml) and air-dried to afford the title compound as a mixture of cis/trans-olefins (26.5 g; 88%; MH⁺=347).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (6 g) was dissolved in MeOH (450 ml) and EtOAc (150 ml). After the addition of a suspension of 5% Pt/C (2.5 g) in 10% HCl (5 ml) and MeOH (10 ml), the mixture was hydrogenated for 6 h. The mixture was filtered, the catalyst washed with MeOH (60 ml) and the filtrates evaporated to afford the title compound (5.5 g, 91%).

¹HNMR δ (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.81-2.90 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.27 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.85-7.95 (m, 3H)

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (4 g) was suspended in sulfolane (9 ml) and treated with polyphosphoric acid (30 g). The mixture was heated under N₂ at 175-180° C. for 2 h 30 min and poured into ice-water (250 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight and the precipitate collected by filtration to afford the crude title compound (3.56 g; 94%; MH⁺=331).

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (3.5 g) was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (25 ml) and CuCN (900 mg) added. The mixture was heated at 200° C. for 8 h, cooled to rt and diluted with H₂O (200 ml) and 1 M HCl (50 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 ml) and the combined organic phase washed with H₂O (100 ml) and brine (100 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (50 ml) and conc. HCl (50 ml) added. The mixture was heated at 90° C. for 18 h and the solvents evaporated. The residue was suspended in MeOH (75 ml), treated with SOCl₂ (1.5 ml) and heated under reflux for 1 h 30 min. The mixture was concentrated to half its volume, diluted with Et₂O (300 ml) and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (80 ml) and brine (80 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/hexane, 1:4) to afford the title compound (1040 mg; 27%; MH⁺=325).

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (1040 mg) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (15 ml) and MeOH (15 ml) and the NaBH₄ (150 mg) added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h, diluted with ice water (80 ml) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 98:2->CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 95:5) to afford the title compound (817 mg, 78%, MNa⁺=349).

Step F

The title compound from Step E above (817 mg) was dissolved in THF (10 ml) and treated with SOCl₂ (0.46 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight and the solvents evaporated. The residue was dissolved in CH₃CN (10 ml) and benzene (5 ml) and added to a suspension of AgCN (406 mg) in CH₃CN (10 ml). The mixture was heated at 90° C. for 5 h, filtered and the salts washed with CH₃CN (10 ml). The filtrates were evaporated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 98:2) to afford the title compound (572 mg, 68%, MH⁺=336).

Step G

The title compound from Step F above (676 mg) was suspended in THF (20 ml) and DMF (5 ml) and treated under a N₂ atmosphere with NaH (106 mg). The mixture was heated at ˜95° C. for 75 Min, cooled to rt and treated with a solution of 1,2-dibromoethane (0.7 ml) in THF (3 ml). The mixture was then heated at 95° C. for 10 h, cooled to rt and treated with sat. NH₄Cl (15 ml) and EtOAc (100 ml). The organic phase was separated, washed with brine (15 ml), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DMA (8 ml) and treated with potassium phthalimide (554 mg). The mixture was heated at 60° C. overnight, the solvent removed and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (50 ml) and H₂O (15 ml). The organic phase was separated, washed with brine (15 ml) and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 98:2) to afford the title compound (740 mg, 72%, MNH₄ ⁺=526).

Step H

The title compound from Step G above (600 mg) was suspended in toluene (5 ml) and treated with dibutyltin oxide (138 mg) and trimethylsilylazide (1.45 ml). The mixture was heated under a N₂ atmosphere at 90-95° C. for 3 d and the solvent evaporated. The residue was suspended in MeOH (10 ml) and the solvent evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (30 ml) water (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 95:5) to afford the title compound (415 mg, 68%, MH⁺=552).

Step I

The title compound from Step H above (415 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (6 ml) and triethylamine (0.23 ml). The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (0.23 ml) added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min and at rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in MeOH (10 ml), again concentrated and dried in HV. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (5 ml) and H₂O (5 ml) and the pH adjusted to pH=8-9 by adding 1 M KOH. The mixture was then treated with Boc2O (870 mg) and stirred overnight. The mixture was adjusted to pH=4 by adding 1 M HCl and diluted with EtOAc (150 ml). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (2×75 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 95:5->4:1) to afford the title compound (227 mg, 58%, MH⁺=522).

Step J

The title compound from Step I above (227 mg) was dissolved in dioxane (10 ml) and 1 M KOH (3.75 ml) added. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight and the pH adjusted to pH=4 by adding 1 M HCl. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, containing 10% THF (2×150 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (177 mg, 82%; MH⁺=494).

Preparative Example 55

If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in Preparative Example 54, but using 3-fluorobenzaldehyde in Step A and omitting Step D, one would obtain the desired compound.

Preparative Example 56

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 54 (177 mg) was dissolved in THF (6 ml) and triethylamine (0.2 ml) added. The precipitate was dissolved/suspended by adding CH₃CN (3 ml). The mixture was cooled to −40° C. and ethylchloroformate (0.1 ml) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at −25° C. for 1 h and allowed to warm to 0° C. At 0° C. 7 M NH₃/MeOH-solution (7 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and 1 h at rt. The mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in H₂O (10 ml) and THF (2 ml). The pH was adjusted to pH˜4.0 by adding 100 mM HCl and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (4×30 ml) containing 10% THF. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (110 mg; 62%, MNa⁺=514).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (103 mg) was dissolved in THF (2 ml) and a 4 M solution of HCl in dioxane (5 ml) added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in H₂O (20 ml) and washed with EtOAc (2×8 ml). The aqueous phase was concentrated, the residue dissolved in 50 mM HCl (6 ml) and filtered through a Millex VV (0.1 μM) filter unit. The filtrate was concentrated to afford the title compound (90 mg, 94%, MH⁺=392).

Preparative Example 57

If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in Preparative Example 56, but using the title compound from Preparative Example 55, one would obtain the desired compound.

Preparative Example 58

Step A

A suspension of NaH (66 mg) in THF (10 ml) was added to a solution of the title compound from Preparative Example 13 Step A (0.57 g) in THF (20 ml) and heated at 65° C. for 1 h. Then the mixture was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of Preparative Example 21 (0.74 g) in THF (10 ml) was added. The suspension was heated at 65° C. for 5 h and then diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over MgSO₄. Removal of the solvents and column chromatography (EtOAc/hexane, 1:4) afford the title compound (630 mg, 58%, MH⁺=421).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (632 mg) was dissolved in DMF (10 ml) and treated with NaN₃ (1.2 g) and NH₄Cl (963 mg). The mixture was heated under a N₂ atmosphere at 110° C. for 3 d and the solvent evaporated. Column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) afford the title compound (350 mg, 51%, MH⁺=464).

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (350 mg) was dissolved in THF (10 ml) and treated with TBAF.3H₂O. The mixture was stirred at rt for 4 h and the solvent evaporated. Preparative TLC using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4:1) afford the title compound (121 mg, 50%, MH⁺=320).

Preparative Example 59

Step A

Commercially available 2-Brom-5-chlor-toluene (123 g) was diluted with Et₂O (70 ml) and 10% of this solution was added to a mixture of Mg (15.2 g) and iodine (3 crystals) in Et₂O (250 ml). After the Grignard reaction had started, the remaining starting material was added at such a rate to maintain gentle reflux. After the complete addition of the starting material, the mixture was heated at 60° C. oil-bath temperature for 45 Min. The mixture was then cooled to rt and poured onto a mixture of dry-ice in Et₂O (1800 ml). The mixture was allowed to warm to rt over a period of 2 h and the solvent removed. The residue was dissolved with EtOAc (1200 ml) and washed with 3 N HCl (3×1000 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (94.3 g, 92%)

¹HNMR δ (DMSO-d₆) 2.51 (s, 3H), 7.33 (dd, 1H), 7.39 (d, 1H), 7.81 (d, 1H), 12.9 (br-s, 1H)

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (47 g) was dissolved in THF (500 ml) and the mixture cooled to −60° C. At −60° C. a 1.3 M solution of sec-BuLi (455 ml) in hexane was slowly added as to keep the internal temperature below −30° C. The precipitate began to dissolve after the addition of more than half of the sec-BuLi solution. After the complete addition of sec-BuLi, the deep red solution was stirred at −50° C. for 1 h. The anion solution was then transferred via cannula to a cooled (−40° C.) solution of commercially available 3-chlor-benzylbromide (62.3 g) in THF (150 ml). The addition of the anion was at such a rate as to maintain −40° C. during the addition. After the addition of the anion was completed, the mixture was stirred at −40° C. for 1 h and was then allowed to warm to rt over a period of 3 h. The reaction was quenched by adding 2 M NaOH (1000 ml) and the THF removed in vacuo. The remaining solution was extracted with cyclohexane (2×500 ml) and the aqueous phase acidified to PH=1 by adding conc. HCl. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×400 ml), the organic phase dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (71 g, 87%).

¹HNMR δ (acetone-d₆) 2.83-2.91 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.31 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.40 (m, 6H), 7.98 (d, 1H).

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (71 g) was suspended in sulfolane (250 ml) and PPA (700 g) added. The mixture was stirred with a mechanical stirrer and heated at 170° C. oil-bath temperature for 9 h. The hot mixture (˜120° C.) was then poured onto crushed-ice (4000 g) and stirred overnight. The precipitate was allowed to settle for 30 Min and the aqueous phase decanted. The residue was dissolved in Et₂O (1500 ml) and washed with 1 M NaOH (2×500 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (50 g, 75%).

¹HNMR δ (CDCl₃) 3.16 (s, 4H), 7.23 (d, 2H), 7.32 (dd, 2H), 8.0 (d, 2H)

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (25 g) was dissolved in toluene (160 ml) and added to a mixture of KCN (11.7 g), dipiperidinomethane (7.26 ml), sulfolane (2 ml) and 1,4-Bis-(diphenylphosphino)-butane (6 g). The mixture was degassed by sonication under a stream of nitrogen and then palladium(II)-acetate (1.6 g) was added. The mixture was then heated in a sealed glass reaction vessel at 160° C. oil-bath temperature for 18 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (800 ml) and washed with H₂O (300 ml) and brine (300 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc (90 ml) and sonicated. The suspension was then treated with cyclohexane (400 ml) and allowed to stand for 30 Min. The precipitate was collected by filtration and air-dried to afford the title compound (18 g, 77%, MH⁺=259).

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (18 g) was suspended in EtOH (75 ml) and H₂O (20 ml) and the KOH (19.3 g) added. The mixture was heated at 100° C. oil-bath temperature for 12 h, concentrated and the residue dissolved in H₂O (500 ml). The aqueous phase was acidified to pH=1 by adding conc. HCl and the precipitate collected by filtration and air-dried to afford the title compound (19.5 g, 95%, MH⁺=297).

Step F

The title compound from Step E above (19.5 g) was suspended in MeOH (600 ml) and treated with thionyl chloride (29 ml). The mixture was then heated at 90° C. oil-bath temperature for 3 h, the hot mixture filtered and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (800 l) and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (200 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (18.8 g, 88%, MH⁺=325).

Step G

The title compound from Step F above (18.8 g) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (250 ml) and MeOH (250 ml). The mixture was then treated with NaBH₄ (2.47 g) in small portions. After the complete addition of the reducing agent, the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The mixture was poured into ice-water (800 ml), the organic phase separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (300 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂ to CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 98:2 to CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 95:5) to afford the title compound (11.9 g, 63%, MNa⁺=349).

Step H

The title compound from Step G above (11.9 g) was dissolved in THF (150 ml) and the mixture cooled to 0° C. At 0° C. thionyl chloride (6.5 ml) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to rt overnight. The solvent was then removed in vacuo to afford the crude title compound.

¹HNMR δ (CDCl₃) 2.93-3.05 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 6.10 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, 2H), 7.78-7.86 (m, 4H).

Step I

The title compound from Step H above was dissolved in CH₃CN (300 ml) and benzene (95 ml). After the addition of AgCN (5.9 g) the mixture was heated at 95° C. oil-bath temperature for 2 h 45 Min. The mixture was filtered while hot and the salts washed with CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml). The filtrate was concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 98:2) to afford the title compound (11.3 g, 92%, MH⁺=336).

Preparative Example 60

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 59 Step C (9.5 g) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (100 ml) and MeOH (60 ml) at 0° C. The mixture was then treated with NaBH₄ (1.64 g) in small portions. After the complete addition of the reducing agent, the mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. Water (50 ml) was added and the mixture was concentrated to half of its volume and extracted with EtOAc (2×150 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water (50 ml), brine (50 ml), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was used without further purification (9 g, 90%, MNa⁺=301).

Step B

The crude title compound from Step A above (9 g) was dissolved in THF (100 ml) and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. At 0° C. thionyl chloride (7.1 ml) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to rt overnight. The solvent was then removed in vacuo to afford the title compound (9.2 g).

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (9.2 g) was dissolved in CH₃CN (180 ml) and benzene (60 ml). After the addition of solid AgCN (5.2 g) the mixture was heated at 90° C. oil-bath temperature for 2.5 h. The mixture was filtered while hot through celite and the salts washed with CH₂Cl₂ (200 ml). The filtrate was concentrated to give the crude title compound (8.66 g, 93%, MH⁺=288).

Preparative Example 61

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 59 (3.8 g) was suspended in THF (50 ml) and DMF (35 ml). The mixture was treated under a N₂ atmosphere with NaH (408 mg) and the mixture was heated at 95° C. oil-bath temperature for 90 Min, cooled to rt and treated with the title compound from Preparative Example 21 (4.78 g). The mixture was then heated at 90-95° C. for 4 h, cooled to rt and quenched with sat. NH₄Cl (75 ml) and brine (90 ml). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc (2×50 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 95:5) to afford the title compound (5 g, 82%, MH⁺=537).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (5 g) was dissolved in DMA (90 ml) and treated with NaN₃ (5.9 g) and NH₄Cl (4.8 g). The mixture was heated under a N₂ atmosphere at 100-105° C. for 50 h. The cooled mixture concentrated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (600 ml) and H₂O (200 ml). The aqueous layer was acidified to pH=4 by adding 1 M HCl and the organic phase separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×80 ml) and the combined organic extracts washed with 100 mM HCl (200 ml) and brine (200 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 9:1->4:1) to afford the title compound (4 g, 74%, MH⁺=580).

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (4 g) was dissolved in dioxane (153 ml). After the addition of 1 M KOH (42.5 ml), the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated and then 43 ml 1 M HCl added. The precipitate was dissolved in EtOAc (100 ml) and H₂O (100 ml) and the organic phase separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (100 ml) and the organic phase combined. The solvent was then removed to afford the title compound (3.9 g, quanta, MH⁺=552).

Preparative Example 62-64

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 61 but using the sulfamidates and compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, the title compounds were obtained.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Sulfamidate Title compound MH⁺ 62 59

538 63 59

566 64 60

475

Preparative Example 65

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 59 according to the procedures described in Preparative Example 61, but using the sulfamidate as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Sulfamidate Title compound 65 59

Preparative Example 66

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 61 Step A (1000 mg) was suspended in MeOH (10 ml) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (517 mg) and a 5.5 M solution of sodium methoxide in MeOH (1.4 ml) added. The mixture was heated in a pressure bottle at 110° C. for 12 h and then the solvent removed. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 1:3->1:1) to afford the title compound (210 mg, 20%, MH⁺=570).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (180 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (10 ml) and sodium methoxide (233 mg) and diethyl carbonate (1130 mg) added. The mixture was heated at 110° C. in a pressure bottle overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CHCl₃) to afford the title compound (110 mg, 58%, M⁺−27=568).

Step C

The title compound from Step B above (110 mg) was dissolved in THF (25 ml) and treated with 1M KOH (6 ml). After stirring at rt overnight, 1M HCl (2.8 ml) was added and the solvents removed to afford the crude title compound (105 mg, quant., M⁺−27=540).

Preparative Example 67

Step A

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (401 mg) was suspended in anhydrous MeOH (14 ml) and a 5.5 M solution of sodium methoxide in MeOH (0.946 ml) added. This mixture was stirred at rt for 45 min and the title compound from Preparative Example 61 Step A (1400 mg) was added. The resulting mixture was heated in a closed vessel at 100° C. overnight and subsequently allowed to cool down to rt. Due to incomplete conversion, hydroxylamine hydrochloride (401 mg) and a 5.5 M solution of sodium methoxide in MeOH (0.946 ml) were added and the mixture was heated again at 100° C. for 20 h. After cooling down to rt, the salts were filtered off and washed with EtOAc (15 ml) and CHCl₃ (15 ml). The united organic phases were evaporated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 8:2->6:4) to afford the title compound from Preparative Example 66 Step A (300 mg, 20%, MH⁺=570) and the title compound (1130 g, 74%, MNa⁺=577).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (1380 g) was dissolved in THF (30 ml) and treated with 1M KOH (9 ml). After stirring at rt overnight, 1M KOH (9 ml) was added and stirring continued for 22 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with 4 M HCl to pH 2-3, extracted with EtOAc/THF 10/1 (4×40 ml) and the combined organic extracts washed with brine (20 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (1220 mg, quant., M⁺−27=499, MNa⁺=549).

Preparative Example 68

Step A

The N-hydroxyamidine product from Preparative Example 66 Step A (300 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (5 ml), the solution cooled down to 0° C. and triethylamine (147 μl) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (103 μl) added. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. Due to incomplete conversion, triethylamine (221 μl) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (155 μl) were added at 0° C. and stirring was continued at rt for 3 d. Dichloromethane (9 ml) and water (10 ml) were added to the stirred mixture. After 5 min, the separated organic phase was washed with brine (5 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 8:2->7:3) to afford the title compounds A (267 mg, 68%, MNa⁺=766) and B (36 mg, 10%, MNa⁺=670).

Step B

The title compounds A (267 mg; MNa⁺=766) and B (36 mg, MNa⁺=670) from Step A above were dissolved in dioxane (11 ml) and water added (11 ml). The resulting suspension was treated with 1M NaOH (3.6 ml). After stirring at rt overnight, the reaction mixture was acidified with 1M HCl to pH 2-3, extracted with EtOAc (4×40 ml) and the combined organic phases dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound (282 mg, quant., MNa⁺=642).

Preparative Example 69

Step A

To the title compound of Preparative Example 61 Step A (500 mg) in anhydrous DMF (10 ml) was added K₂CO₃ (123 mg). After cooling down to 0° C., methyl iodide (75 μl) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture. After 10 min, the mixture was allowed to rt and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled down to 0° C., diluted with acidified saturated aq. NaCl solution (pH 2-3) and added to stirred EtOAc (150 ml). The separated organic phase was washed with brine (2×25 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 8:2->7:3) to afford the title compounds: the 1-Me-tetrazole (170 mg, 33%, MH⁺=580) and the 2-Me-tetrazole (163 mg, 32%, MH⁺=580).

Step B

The title compounds from Step A above (170 mg of the 1-Me-tetrazole and 163 mg of the 2-Me-tetrazole) were separately dissolved in dioxane (5.5 ml) and treated with 1M KOH (1.5 ml) each. After stirring at rt for 3 h, the reaction mixtures were concentrated to ⅓ of their volumes and the pH adjusted to 3 with 1M HCl. The resulting aq. suspension was extracted with EtOAc (3×25 ml) and the combined organic phases dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the title compounds: the 1-Me-tetrazole (171 mg, quant., M⁺−27=524) and the 2-Me-tetrazole (172 mg, quant., M⁺−27=524).

Preparative Example 70

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 61 (2 g) was dissolved in THF (75 ml) and CH₃CN (75 ml) and triethylamine (4 ml) added. The mixture was cooled to −40° C. and ethylchloroformate (2.3 ml) was slowly added. The mixture was stirred at −25° C. for 1 h, filtered and the salts washed with 35 ml THF. The filtrate was placed in a cooling bath (−20° C.) and a 33%-solution of NH₄OH (30 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 30 min and 15 min at rt. Since LC-MS indicated that the conversion was not complete, the mixture was concentrated. The reaction was repeated using the same reaction conditions. After the second run LC-MS indicated that the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated to afford the crude title compound together with salts from the reaction (MNa⁺=572).

Step B

The crude title compound from Step A above was suspended in CHCl₃ (25 ml) and the mixture cooled to 0° C. At 0° C. TFA (25 ml) was added and stirring at 0° C. was continued for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in H₂O (15 ml). The pH was adjusted to pH=7.0 by adding 10% NaOH and the neutral solution loaded onto a RP-column (Merck; silica gel 60 RP-18, 40-63 μM). The column was washed with H₂O to remove the salts, followed by CH₃CN/H₂O (1:1) to elute the title compound (1.3 g, 88%, MH⁺=406).

Preparative Example 71-87

Treating the compounds from the Preparative Examples with the amines as indicated in the Table below, according to a modified procedure as described in Preparative Example 70, the title compounds were obtained as HCl-salts.

Modifications:

-   Step A The crude mixture from Step A was dissolved in H₂O and the pH     adjusted to pH=4.0 by adding 1 M HCl. The mixture was then extracted     with EtOAc, the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO₄, filtered     and the solvents removed. -   Step B The residue after removal of the Teoc protecting group was     diluted with 1M HCl and the aqueous phase washed with EtOAc.     Concentration of the aqueous phase afforded the title compound as     HCl-salt.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Amines Title compound MH⁺ 71 61

462 72 61

434 73 61

462 74 61

490 75 61

486 76 61

546 77 62

420 78 62

447 79 63 NH₃

420 80 66

478 81 67

437 82 68

530 83 69 1-Me-tetrazole

406 84 69 2-Me-tetrazole

406 85 61 Step B none

436 86 61 none

408 87 64 none

374

Preparative Example 88

Step A

Commercially available anthraquinone (8.0 g) was suspended in CHCl₃ (100 ml) and conc. H₂SO₄ (20 ml) was added. The resulting biphasic system was rapidly stirred and NaN₃ (3.1 g) was added in portions at rt. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at rt and at 30-40° C. (water bath) for another 3 h. After the addition of ice water (80 ml), the precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to afford the title compound (8.40 g; 97%; MH⁺=224).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (8.0 g) was dissolved in DMSO (140 ml) under N₂ at 10° C. After the addition of KOtBu (5.7 g), the mixture was stirred for 15 min at that temperature. After the addition of CH₃I (4.2 ml), the mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred for 2 h. After the addition of 1 M HCl (130 ml) and EtOAc (100 ml), the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (2×50 ml). The combined organic phase was washed with H₂O (50 ml), brine (50 ml), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (4.88 g; 61%; MH⁺=238).

Step C

Tosylmethyl isocyanide was dissolved in DMSO (10 ml) under N₂ at 10° C. and KOtBu (1.36 g) was added. The mixture was stirred for 5 min and MeOH (0.173 ml) was added. The title compound from Step B above (0.8 g) was immediately added to the mixture. After 10 min dibromoethane (1.51 ml) was added and stirring was continued for 1 h at rt. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (10 ml) and sat. NH₄Cl (30 ml) was added. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×50 ml). The combined organic phase was washed with H₂O (50 ml), brine (50 ml), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DMF (40 ml) and potassium phthalimide (3.13 g) added. The resulting mixture was heated to 60° C. for 3 h and concentrated. The residue was suspended in CHCl₃ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (612 mg; 43%; MH⁺=422).

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (0.6 g) was dissolved in toluene (30 ml) under N₂ and dibutyltin oxide (1.68 g) and trimethylsilylazide (8.9 ml) were added. The mixture was then heated at 75° C. for 24 h. The mixture was concentrated, the residue suspended in EtOAc (40 ml) and 1 M HCl (40 ml) and stirred for 2 h at rt. MeOH (10 ml) was added and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×20 ml) and the combined organic phase was washed with brine (20 ml), dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound (565 mg; 84%; MH⁺=465).

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (0.22 g) was dissolved in EtOH (7 ml) and CHCl₃ (3 ml) and the mixture was heated to 80° C. Hydrazine monohydrate (0.108 g) was added and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to rt within 1 h. The precipitate was removed by filtration and washed with EtOH. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in CHCl₃ (20 ml) and 1 M HCl (10 ml). The aqueous phase was separated, filtered and evaporated to afford the title compound (85 mg; 48%; MH⁺=335).

Preparative Example 89

Step A

To a solution of the commercially available L-pyroglutamic acid ethylester (15.7 g) in methylene chloride (90 ml) was sequentially added at rt di-tert-butyldicarbonate (24 g) and a catalytic amount of DMAP (120 mg). After stirring for 6 h at rt the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated brine and extracted with methylene chloride. (3×30 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, concentrated and the residue purified by flash chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂) to afford the title compound (16.3 g, 63%, MNa⁺=280).

Step B

A solution of the title compound from Step A above (16.3 g) in toluene (100 ml) was cooled to −78° C. and triethylborohydride (67 ml of a 1.0 M solution in THF) was added dropwise over 90 minutes. After 3 h, 2,6 lutidine (43 ml) was added dropwise followed by DMAP(20 mg). To this mixture was added TFAA (11 ml) and the reaction was allowed to come to ambient temperature over 2 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and water and the organics were washed with 3 N HCl, water, aqueous bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 5:1) to afford the title compound (10.9 g, 72%, MNa⁺=264).

Step C

A solution of the title compound from Step B above (3.5 g) in 1,2 dichloroethane (75 ml) was cooled to −15° C. and Et₂Zn (25 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF) was added dropwise. To this mixture was added drop wise ClCH₂I (4.5 ml) over 30 minutes. After stirring for 18 h at −15° C. the mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous bicarbonate and the solvent was evaporated and the reaction was taken up in ethyl acetate and washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 4:1) to afford the diastereomerically pure title compound (1.5 g, 41%, MNa⁺=278).

Step D

A solution of the title compound from Step C above (1.4 g) in MeOH (40 ml) and THF (20 ml) was treated with 1 N LiOH (10 ml) and stirred overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was acidified to pH 4.5 with 2 N HCl and stirred for 15 min at rt. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc, the organic phase washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to afford the title compound (1.2 g, 96%, MNa⁺=250).

Step E

To a solution of the title compound from Step D above (1.2 g) in THF (20 ml) was added at −15° C. 4-methylmorpholine (710 μl) and then isobutyl chloroformate (780 μl) over 5 minutes and stirred then for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to −30° C. and treated with a solution of NH₃ in dioxane (25 ml, 0.5 M in dioxane). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, warmed to rt and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was acidified to pH 4.5 with 10% aqueous citric acid and extracted with ether (3×50 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc 1:10) to afford the title compound (1.0 g, 84%, MNa⁺=248).

Step F

To a stirred solution o of the title compound from Step E above (0.9 g) in methylene chloride (5 ml) was sequentially added at 0° C. TFA (5 ml). After stirring for 12 h at 0° C. the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (0.9 g, 100%, MH⁺=127).

Step G

The title compound from Step F above (450 mg) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (12 ml) and triethylamine (0.4 ml). The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and DMAP (25 mg) was added followed by fumarylchloride (0.099 ml). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. and allowed to warm to rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated to afford the crude title compound (MH⁺=333).

Step H

To a cooled (0° C.) solution of DMF (4 ml) was carefully added oxalylchloride (0.32 ml). After the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min. Then pyridine (0.6 ml) was added followed by a solution of the crude title compound from Step G above in DMF (2 ml) and CH₂Cl₂ (4 ml). The mixture was then stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated and the residue partitioned between EtOAc (50 ml) and brine (25 ml). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (2×25 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 95:5) to afford the title compound (250 mg, 92%, MH⁺=297).

Step I

The title compound from Step H above (328 mg) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (3 ml) and MeOH (3 ml). The mixture was then treated with ozone according to Preparative Example 2 Step C to afford the title compound (350 mg, 80%, MH⁺=165 (aldehyde); MH⁺=219 (hemiacetal)).

Preparative Example 90

Step A

To a stirred solution of potassium hydroxide (1.2 g) in ethanol (10 mL) was sequentially added at rt the commercial available bis(tert.-butyldicarbonyl)amine (4.5 g). After stirring for 1 h at rt the reaction mixture was quenched with ether and the precipitate was filtered and washed with ether (3×10 mL) to afford the title compound (3.4 g)

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (95 mg) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (2.25 ml) and 1,3-dimethoxybenzene (0.18 ml) added. To the mixture was then added TFA (0.75 ml) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h 30 min. The mixture was concentrated, dissolved in CH₃CN (3 ml) and concentrated again. The residue was dissolved in 100 mM HCl (3 ml) and EtOAc (3 ml). The aqueous phase was separated, washed with EtOAc (2 ml) and concentrated. The residue was suspended in CH₃CN (1.5 ml), sonicated for 1 min and the CH₃CN removed by syringe. The residue was then dried in HV to afford the title compound (42 mg, 84%, MH⁺=154).

Preparative Example 91

Step A

To a solution of the commercial available Boc-Fmoc-protected amino acid (1.05 g) in methanol (25 ml) was added diethyl amine (1.5 ml). After stirring for 2.5 h at room temperature the reaction mixture was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in water (50 ml) and Et₂O (50 ml). The organic phase was extracted with water (3×50 ml) and the combined aqueous extracts were concentrated. The residue was used for the next step without any further purification.

Step B

To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (530 mg) and 3-fluorobenzaldehyde (245 μl) in 15 ml of methanol was added NaBH₃CN (150 mg), and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. overnight. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (50 ml). The organic layer was extracted with water (3×50 ml) and the combined aqueous extracts were concentrated. The residue was used for the next step without any further purification.

Step C

To a stirring solution of the title compound from Step B above (760 mg) in DMF (20 ml) was added HOBt (470 mg) followed by EDCI (670 mg) and DMAP (30 mg). N-methyl morpholine (440 μl) was added and stirring was continued at rt overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue diluted with EtOAc and then washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, concentrated and the residue purified by flash chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 9:1) to afford the title compound (430 mg, 60% over 3 steps, MH⁺=321).

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (760 mg) was dissolved in EtOAc (6 ml) and a solution of 4 M HCl in dioxane (6 ml) was added. After 2 h the mixture was triturated with aqueous NaHCO₃ to pH 7.5 and stirred for 15 min at rt. After evaporation of the solvent, the crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (420 mg, 80%, MH⁺=221).

Step E

To a solution of the title compound from Step D above (85 mg) in THF (5 ml) was added triethylamine (80 μl) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 50° C. Then the sulfamidate (240 mg.), prepared according to WO 03/037327, was added in one portion at −15° C. and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature over 2 d. After the addition of 1 M NH₄HCO₃ solution (5 ml), the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Then an excess saturated NaHCO₃ solution was added and stirring was continued for another 15 min. The mixture was then partitioned between EtOAc and water and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 9:1) to afford the title compound (135 mg, 79%, MH⁺=422).

Step F

A solution of the title compound from Step E above (135 mg) in MeOH (2.5 ml) and THF (5 ml) was treated with 1 N LiOH (1.5 ml) and stirred overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was acidified to pH 4.5 with 2 N HCl and stirred for 15 min at rt. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc, the organic phase washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to afford the title compound (125 mg, 96%, MH⁺=408).

Preparative Example 92

Step A

A solution of commercially available N-Boc-trans-4-hydroxyl-L-proline ester (2.93 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) was cooled to −30° C. and treated with DIEA (4.8 ml). After the addition of triflic anhydride (2.2 ml), the mixture was stirred at −30° C. for 60 min and then treated with a solution of the commercially available amine in CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml). The mixture was allowed to warm to rt overnight. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml), washed with 0.5 M Na₂CO₃ (2×50 ml) and brine (50 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to leave a residue, which was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 4:1) to afford the title compound (2.22 g, 75%, MH⁺=367).

Step B

A solution of the title compound from Step A above (700 mg) in MeOH (24 ml) and THF (12 ml) was treated with 1 N LiOH (6 ml) and stirred overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was acidified to pH 4.5 with 1 N HCl and stirred for 15 min at rt. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc, the organic phase washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to afford the title compound (665 mg, 95%, MH⁺=353).

Step C

To a stirring solution of the title compound from Step B above (665 mg) in DMF (15 ml) was added HOBt (390 mg) followed by EDCI (560 mg) and DMAP (30 mg). N-methyl morpholine (420 μl) was added and stirring was continued at rt overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue diluted with EtOAc and then washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, concentrated and the residue purified by flash chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 9:1) to afford the title compound (556 mg, 87%, MH⁺=335).

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (760 mg) was dissolved in EtOAc (4 ml) and a solution of 4 M HCl in dioxane (4 ml) was added. After 2 h the mixture was triturated with aqueous NaHCO₃ to pH 7.5 and stirred for 15 min at rt. After evaporation of the solvent, the crude residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (300 mg, 77%, MH⁺=235).

Step E

To a solution of the title compound from Step D above (290 mg) in THF (5 ml) was added triethyl amine (280 μl) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 50° C. Then the sulfamidate (590 mg.), prepared according to WO 03/037327, was added in one portion at −15° C. and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature over 2 d. After the addition of 1 M NH₄HCO₃ solution (5 ml), the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Then an excess saturated NaHCO₃ solution was added and stirring was continued for another 15 min. The mixture was then partitioned between EtOAc and water and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 4:1) to afford the title compound (163 mg, 30%, MH⁺=436).

Step F

A solution of the title compound from Step E above (163 mg) in MeOH (2.5 ml) and THF (5 ml) was treated with 1 N LiOH (1.5 ml) and stirred overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was acidified to pH 4.5 with 2 N HCl and stirred for 15 min at rt. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc, the organic phase washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to afford the title compound (140 mg, 96%, MH⁺=422).

Preparative Example 93

Step A

To a stirring solution of the title compound from Preparative Example 91 (25 mg) in DMF (3 ml) was added HOBt (15 mg), followed by EDCI (20 mg) and DMAP (3 mg). Commercially available (S)-Pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile hydrochloride (15 mg) was added after 1 h, followed by N-methyl morpholine (20 μl). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, the solvent removed in vacuo, and the residue was diluted with EtOAc. The mixture was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 9:1) to afford the title compound (17 mg, 59%, MH⁺=486).

Step B

To a stirring solution of the title compound Preparative Example 91 (125 mg) in DMF (5 ml) was HOBt (46 mg), followed by EDCI (65 mg) and DMAP (5 mg). After 1 h commercially available L-proline amide (68 mg) and N-methyl morpholine (100 μl) were added and stirring was continued at rt overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 4:1) to afford the title compound (137 mg; 88%; MH⁺=504).

Step C

To a solution of the title compound from Step B above (137 mg) in pyridine (7 ml) was added imidazole (41 mg). At −30° C. POCl₃ (102 μl) was slowly added to the mixture and the mixture was allowed to reach rt over a period of 1 h. Then the solvent was removed and the residue diluted with 1 N HCl and Et₂O. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 4:1) to afford the title compound (72 mg, 55%, MH⁺=486).

Preparative Example 94-108

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Examples 92 and 93, except using the amines and amides as indicated in the Table below, the following compound were prepared. For Preparative Examples 105 and 106 the conversion of the nitrile to the carboxamide with subsequent saponification of the ester moiety was done according to Preparative Example 91 Step F with 3M Na₂CO₃ and H₂O₂.

Preparative 1. Yield Example Amide Amine Product 2. MH⁺ 94

1. 55% 2. 498 95

1. 90% 2. 537 96

1. 71% 2. 493 97

1. 70% 2. 504 98

1. 73% 2. 516 99

1. 65% 2. 493 100

1. 54% 2. 505 101

1. 78% 2. 493 102

1. 56% 2. 500 103

1. 65% 2. 512 104

1. 71% 2. 514 105

1. 68% 2. 511 106

1. 56% 2. 511 107

1. 62% 2. 526 108

1. 2.

Preparative Example 109

Step A

A solution of commercially available N-Boc-trans-4-hydroxyl-L-proline methyl ester (370 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml) was cooled to −30° C. and treated with DIEA (600 μl). After the addition of triflic anhydride (280 μl), the mixture was stirred at −30° C. for 60 min and then treated with a solution of the title compound from Preparative Example 91 Step D in CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml). The mixture was allowed to warm to rt overnight. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml), washed with 0.5 M Na₂CO₃ (2×10 ml) and brine (10 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to leave a residue, which was purified by chromatography on silica ((CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 4:1), 4:1) to afford the title compound (225 mg, 33%, MH⁺=448).

Step B

A solution of the title compound from Step A above (225 mg) in MeOH (4 ml) and THF (8 ml) was treated with 1 N LiOH (2 ml) and stirred overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was acidified to pH 4.5 with 1 N HCl and stirred for 15 min at rt. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc, the organic phase washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to afford the title compound (91 mg, 40%, MH⁺=434).

Step C

To a stirring solution of the title compound from Step B above (91 mg) in DMF (3 ml) was added HOBt (40 mg), followed by EDCI (60 mg) and DMAP (10 mg). Commercially available (S)-Pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile hydrochloride (35 mg) was added after 1 h, followed by N-methyl morpholine (66 μl). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, the solvent removed in vacuo, and the residue was diluted with EtOAc. The mixture was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 1:1) to afford the title compound (50 mg, 47%, MH⁺=512).

Preparative Example 110

Step A

The title compound from Preparative Example 91 Step D (305 mg) was dissolved in THF (2 ml) was added triethyl amine (63 μl) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 50° C. Then the title compound from Preparative Example 19 (100 mg) was added in one portion at −15° C. and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. After the addition of 1 M NH₄HCO₃ solution (5 ml), the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Then an excess saturated NaHCO₃ solution was added and stirring was continued for another 15 min. The mixture was then partitioned between EtOAc and water and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 4:1) to afford the title compound (58 mg, 57%, MH⁺=378).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (58 mg) was dissolved in EtOAc (2 ml) and a solution of 4 M HCl in dioxane (2 ml) was added. After 2 h the mixture was evaporated to afford the title compound (48 mg, quant., MH⁺=278).

Preparative Example 111

Step A

Commercially available N-cyclohexylcarbodiimide-N′-methyl polystyrene resin (1.9 g) was suspended in 5 ml dichloromethane and agitated for 5 Min. The commercially available amino acid (468 mg) and amine (86 mg), prepared from the commercially available hydrochloride by adding 1 eq. pyridine, were dissolved in 1.5 ml dimethylformamide and added to the above resin. The mixture was agitated for 16 h, filtered and the resin washed with 2×5 ml dichloromethane and 5 ml methanol. The combined filtrates were concentrated and the residue purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (500 mg; 91%).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.45 (9H, s), 2.05-2.30 (4H, m), 3.25-3.40 (1H, m), 3.50-3.70 (2H, m), 3.80-3.90 (1H, m), 4.15-4.25 (1H, m), 4.30-4.40 (2H, m), 4.55-4.65 (1H, m), 4.70-4.80 (1H, m), 5.50-5.60 (2H, m), 7.25-7.40 (4H, m), 7.55-7.65 (2H, m), 7.70-7.80 (2H, m).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (500 mg) was dissolved in dichloromethane (10 ml) and treated with diethylamine (10 ml). After 2 h the mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 4:1) to afford the title compound (224 mg; 80%).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.45 (9H, s), 1.70 (2H, s), 2.05-2.30 (4H, m), 2.95-3.05 (2H, m), 3.70-3.85 (2H, m), 4.35-4.50 (1H, m), 4.75-4.85 (1H, m), 5.50-5.60 (1H, m).

Preparative Example 112

Step A

A solution of commercially available N-Fmoc-trans-4-hydroxyl-L-proline (4.5 g) in aqueous ethanol (80%, 45 ml) was titrated with a solution of Cs₂CO₃ (2.3 g) in water (18 ml) to pH 7. The solvents were evaporated and the residue dried in vacuo. The caesium salt was suspended in dry DMF (45 ml), cooled to 0° C. and treated with allyl bromide (11.5 ml) by dropwise addition over 10 min. After 30 min the solution was allowed to reach rt and stirring was continued for another 3 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (4.5 g, 90%, MH⁺=394).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (2.5 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (60 ml) was cooled to −30° C. and treated with DIEA (2.5 ml). After the addition of triflic anhydride (1.2 ml), the mixture was stirred at −30° C. for 60 min and then treated with a solution of Preparative Example 84 (1.17 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 ml). The mixture was allowed to warm to 0° C., stirred at 0° C. for 12 h and refluxed for additional 4 h. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml), washed with 0.5 M Na₂CO₃ (2×25 ml) and brine (25 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to leave a residue, which was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane, 7:3) to afford the title compound (1.41 g, 50%, MH⁺=658).

Step C

To the title compound from Step B above (1.8 g) in THF (120 ml) was added dimedone (1.27 g) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (422 mg). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 19 h. Following removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 9:1) afforded the title compound (1.42 g, 84%, MH⁺=618).

Step D

To a solution of the title compound from Step C above (1.42 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (70 ml) was added HOBT (405 mg) followed by EDCI (575 mg) and N-methyl-morpholine (0.33 ml). After being stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h, the solvent was evaporated to give a viscous residue, which was partitioned between EtOAc and ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6). The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 ml) and the combined organic phase dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the title compound (1.35 g, MNH₄ ⁺=617).

Step E

To a solution of the title compound from Step D above (1.35 g) in acetonitrile (100 ml) was added diethyl amine (10 ml). After stirring for 2.5 h at rt, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1) to afford the title compound (712 mg; 85%, MH⁺=378).

Preparative Example 113

To a solution of the title compound from Preparative Example 112 (13 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.8 ml) was added piperidino methyl polystyrene resin (65 mg) and 3-fluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (5.5 μl). After shaking at rt for 3 h, tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine polystyrene resin (30 mg) was added and agitated for additional 1 h at rt. The mixture was filtered, the resin washed with CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml) and methanol (1 ml) and the combined filtrates evaporated. Purification by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 9:1) afforded the title compound (13 mg, 71%, MNH₄ ⁺=553).

Preparative Example 114-116

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 113, except using the sulfonic acid chlorides as indicated in the Table below, the following compounds were prepared.

Preparative Sulfonic acid 1. Yield Example chloride Product 2. MH⁺ 114

1. 69 2. 541 (MNH₄ ⁺) 115

1. 92 2. 546 (MNa⁺) 116

1. 89 2. 604 (MNa⁺)

Preparative Example 117-119

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 113, except using the acid chlorides as indicated in the Table below, the following compounds were prepared.

Preparative 1. Yield Example Acid chloride Product 2. MH⁺ 117

1. 100 2. 488 (MH⁺) 118

1. 49 2. 519 (MNH₄ ⁺) 119

1. 70 2. 506 (MNa⁺)

Preparative Example 120

To a solution of the title compound from Preparative Example 112 (20 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.8 ml) was added tert.-butyl isocyanate (5.8 mg). After stirring at room temperature for 3 h the solvent was evaporated. Purification by chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/acetone 1:1) afford the title compound (16 mg, 63%, MH⁺=477).

Preparative Example 121

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 120, except using the isocyanate as indicated in the Table below, the following compound was prepared.

Preparative 1. Yield Example Isocyanate Product 2. MH⁺ 121

1. 69 2. 592 (MNH₄ ⁺)

Preparative Example 122

The title compound from Preparative Example 15 Step A (13 mg) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (0.7 ml) and added to N-cyclohexylcarbodiimide, N′-methyl polystyrene resin (120 mg). The mixture was agitated for 15 min and then treated with a solution of the title compound from Preparative Example 112 (0.54 ml, 7.5 mM CH₂Cl₂). After shaking at rt for 12 h, the mixture was filtered and the resin washed with CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml). The filtrates were concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound (30 mg, 95%, MNa⁺=632).

Preparative Example 123

Step A

Commercially available 2,5-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (400 mg) and aziridine-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 1-benzyl ester 2-methyl ester (431 mg) were dissolved in toluene (5 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight and then for 5 h at 80° C. The solvent was removed and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone 9:1) to afford the title compound (468 mg, 58%, MH⁺=434).

Step B

The title compound from Step A above (245 mg) was dissolved in dioxane (5 ml) and a solution of 4 M HCl in dioxane (5 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt and the solvents removed to afford the title compound (208 mg, 100%, MH⁺=334).

Step C

To the title compound from Step B above (130 mg) were added CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) and pyridine (1 ml). After the addition of commercially available thiophen-2-yl-acetyl chloride (61 mg) the reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/acetone 9:1) to afford the title compound (90 mg, 57%, MH⁺=458).

Step D

The title compound from Step C above (130 mg) was dissolved in THF (4 ml) and methanol (2 ml). After the addition of 1 M aqueous LiOH-solution (1 ml), the mixture was stirred for 4 h at rt. The solvents were removed and the residue dissolved in water and acidified with 1 M HCl to pH˜4. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, the organic phase washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to yield the title compound (75 mg, 86%, MH⁺=444).

Step E

The title compound from Step D above (75 mg) was dissolved in DMF (5 ml). After the addition of EDCI (38 mg), HOBt (27 mg), N-methylmorpholine (0.15 ml) and DMAP (10 mol %), the mixture was stirred for 1 h at rt. Then commercially available 2-(S)-cyanopyrrolidine hydrochloride was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at rt. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in EtOAc, washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄. and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (cyclohexane/EtOAc, 7:3) to afford the title compound (27 mg, 30%, MH⁺=522).

Preparative Example 124-125

Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 123, except using the piperazine derivatives and sulfonic acid chlorides as indicated in the Table below, the following compounds were prepared.

Piperazine Sulfonic Acid 1. Yield Example derivative chloride Product 2. MH⁺ 124

1. 73% 2. 556 125

none

1. 27% 2. 492

Preparative Examples 126-129 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 130

Step A

Commercially available 2-formyl-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (330 mg) in anhydrous THF (5 ml) was cooled to 0° C. and trimethyl-trifluoromethylsilane (300 μl) added, followed by addition of tetrabutylammoniumfluoride (60 μl; 1 M in THF). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and then stirred for 1 h. After dilution with diethyl ether, the organic phase was washed with brine and the aqueous phase extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to afford the title compounds as a 1:1 mixture of alcohol and TMS ether (490 mg, 97%, [MH-Boc]⁺=242 (TMS ether); [MH-Boc]⁺=170 (alcohol)).

Step B

The title compounds from Step A above (721 mg) in dichloromethane (5 ml) were added to Dess Martin periodinane (2.32 g) in dichloromethane (15 ml) with stirring. Trifluoroacetic acid (410 μl) was added dropwise and the turbid reaction mixture stirred for 17 h at rt, after which it was directly coated on silica and purified by column chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc 90:10->80:20) to afford the title compound (301 mg, 45%, [MH-Boc]⁺=168).

Step C

To the title compound from Step B above (106 mg) in dioxane (500 μl) was added 4 M HCl in dioxane (500 μl) and the resulting mixture stirred for 16 h at rt. Diethyl ether was added (2 ml) and the suspension filtered. The precipitate was dried and the title compound obtained as its HCl salt (81 mg, 91%, MH⁺=186).

Preparative Examples 131-199 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 200-294

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 61 and in Preparative Example 44, except using the sulfamidates as indicated in the Table below in Step A of Preparative Example 61, one would obtain the title compounds, listed in the following Table in the “product” column.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Sulfamidate Product 200 24

201 25

202 26

203 27

204 28

205 29

206 30

207 31

208 32

209 33

210 34

211 35

212 36

213 37

214 38

215 39

216 40

217 41

218 42

219 43

220 44

221 45

222 46

223 24

224 23

225 25

226 26

227 27

228 28

229 29

230 30

231 31

232 32

233 33

234 34

235 35

236 36

237 37

238 38

239 39

240 40

241 41

242 42

243 43

244 44

245 45

246 46

247 24

248 23

249 25

250 26

251 27

252 28

253 29

254 30

255 31

256 32

257 33

258 34

259 35

260 36

261 37

262 38

263 39

264 40

265 41

266 42

267 43

268 44

269 45

270 46

271 24

272 23

273 25

274 26

275 27

276 28

277 29

278 30

279 31

280 32

281 33

282 34

283 35

284 36

285 37

286 38

287 39

288 40

289 41

290 42

291 43

292 44

293 45

294 46

Examples 295-299 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 300

Step A

If one were to treat the compound from Preparative Example 59 with the sulfimidate from Preparative Example 22 according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with NaN₃ as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with acetic acid anhydride in pyridine at 100° C. for 2 h one would obtain, after the removal of the pyridine under reduced pressure and after column chromatography, the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above according to the procedures described in Preparative Example 70 one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 301-335

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 300, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples and anhydrides or acid chlorides and amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product.

Preparative Preparative Acid Chloride/ Example Example Anhydride Amine Product 301 300

NH₃

302 300

NH₃

303 300

NH₃

304 61

NH₃

305 61

NH₃

306 61

NH₃

307 61

NH₃

308 65

NH₃

309 65

NH₃

310 65

NH₃

311 65

NH₃

312 300

CH₃NH₂

313 300

CH₃NH₂

314 300

CH₃NH₂

315 300

CH₃NH₂

316 61

CH₃NH₂

317 61

CH₃NH₂

318 61

CH₃NH₂

319 61

CH₃NH₂

320 65

CH₃NH₂

321 65

CH₃NH₂

322 65

CH₃NH₂

323 65

CH₃NH₂

324 300

(CH₃)₂NH

325 300

(CH₃)₂NH

326 300

(CH₃)₂NH

327 300

(CH₃)₂NH

328 61

(CH₃)₂NH

329 61

(CH₃)₂NH

330 61

(CH₃)₂NH

331 61

(CH₃)₂NH

332 65

(CH₃)₂NH

333 65

(CH₃)₂NH

334 65

(CH₃)₂NH

335 65

(CH₃)₂NH

Example numbers 336-399 were intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 400-434

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 66, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples and hydroxylamine hydrochlorides and amines as indicated in the Table below and treat the products according to Preparative Example 70, one would obtain the desired amine product.

Preparative Preparative Hydroxylamine Example Example hydrochloride Amine Product 400 300

NH₃

401 300

NH₃

402 300

NH₃

403 300

NH₃

404  61

NH₃

405  61

NH₃

406  61

NH₃

407  61

NH₃

408  65

NH₃

409  65

NH₃

410  65

NH₃

411  65

NH₃

412 300

CH₃NH₂

413 300

CH₃NH₂

414 300

CH₃NH₂

415 300

CH₃NH₂

416  61

CH₃NH₂

417  61

CH₃NH₂

418  61

CH₃NH₂

419  61

CH₃NH₂

420  65

CH₃NH₂

421  65

CH₃NH₂

422  65

CH₃NH₂

423  65

CH₃NH₂

424 300

(CH₃)₂NH

425 300

(CH₃)₂NH

426 300

(CH₃)₂NH

427 300

(CH₃)₂NH

428  61

(CH₃)₂NH

429  61

(CH₃)₂NH

430  61

(CH₃)₂NH

431  65

(CH₃)₂NH

432  65

(CH₃)₂NH

433  65

(CH₃)₂NH

434  65

(CH₃)₂NH

Example numbers 435-499 were intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 500

Step A

If one were to treat the compound from Preparative Example 300 Step A with conc. HCl in acetic acid according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 49 Step J, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 70 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 70 Step A but using hydrazine instead of an amine, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to stir the title compound from Step C above with 1 eq. ethyl isocyanate in DMA one would obtain after removing of DMA and the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above with a 2% aqueous NaOH at 100° C. for several hours one would obtain after neutralisation, precipitation and recrystallisation from ethanol the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 70 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 501-535

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 500, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples and hydrazines and amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Hydrazine Amine Product 501 300

NH₃

502 300

NH₃

503 300

NH₃

504  61 N₂H₄ NH₃

505  61

NH₃

506  61

NH₃

507  61

NH₃

508  65 N₂H₄ NH₃

509  65

NH₃

510  65

NH₃

511  65

NH₃

512 300 N₂H₄ CH₃NH₂

513 300

CH₃NH₂

514 300

CH₃NH₂

515 300

CH₃NH₂

516  61 N₂H₄ CH₃NH₂

517  61

CH₃NH₂

518  61

CH₃NH₂

519  61

CH₃NH₂

520  65 N₂H₄ CH₃NH₂

521  65

CH₃NH₂

522  65

CH₃NH₂

523  65

CH₃NH₂

524 300 N₂H₄ (CH₃)₂NH

525 300

(CH₃)₂NH

526 300

(CH₃)₂NH

527 300

(CH₃)₂NH

528  61 N₂H₄ (CH₃)₂NH

529  61

(CH₃)₂NH

530  61

(CH₃)₂NH

531  61

(CH₃)₂NH

532  65 N₂H₄ (CH₃)₂NH

533  65

(CH₃)₂NH

534  65

(CH₃)₂NH

535  65

(CH₃)₂NH

Example numbers 536-599 were intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 600

Step A

If one were to treat the intermediate from Preparative Example 300 Step A with dry HCl gas in EtOH/CHCl₃ at 0° C. and set aside for 10 days, one would obtain after removal of the solvents the imidate hydrochloride. If one were to treat the imidate hydrochloride with NH₃ in dry EtOH and heat it to reflux for 7 h, one would obtain, after filtration and evaporation of the filtrate followed by recrystallization, the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with Boc₂O according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 49 Step J but without the acid treatment, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above according to Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above according to the procedures described in Preparative Example 70, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 601-635

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 600 except using the amines and appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product.

Preparative Preparative Amine Amine Example Example Step A Step B Product 601 300 CH₃NH₂ NH₃

602 300

NH₃

603 300

NH₃

604  61 NH₃ NH₃

605  61 CH₃NH₂ NH₃

606  61

NH₃

607  61

NH₃

608  65 NH₃ NH₃

609  65 CH₃NH₂ NH₃

610  65

NH₃

611  65

NH₃

612 300 NH₃ CH₃NH₂

613 300 CH₃NH₂ CH₃NH₂

614 300

CH₃NH₂

615 300

CH₃NH₂

616  61 NH₃ CH₃NH₂

617  61 CH₃NH₂ CH₃NH₂

618  61

CH₃NH₂

619  61

CH₃NH₂

620  65 NH₃ CH₃NH₂

621  65 CH₃NH₂ CH₃NH₂

622  65

CH₃NH₂

623  65

CH₃NH₂

624 300 NH₃ (CH₃)₂NH

625 300 CH₃NH₂ (CH₃)₂NH

626 300

(CH₃)₂NH

627 300

(CH₃)₂NH

628  61 NH₃ (CH₃)₂NH

629  61 CH₃NH₂ (CH₃)₂NH

630  61

(CH₃)₂NH

631  61

(CH₃)₂NH

632  65 NH₃ (CH₃)₂NH

633  65 CH₃NH₂ (CH₃)₂NH

634  65

(CH₃)₂NH

635  65

(CH₃)₂NH

Example numbers 636-679 were intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 680-687

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 67 and 70, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples and amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Amine Product 680 300 NH₃

681 61 NH₃

682 65 NH₃

683 300 CH₃NH₂

684 61 CH₃NH₂

685 65 CH₃NH₂

686 300 (CH₃)₂NH

687 65 (CH₃)₂NH

Example numbers 688-699 were intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 700

Step A

If one were to treat the compound from Preparative Example 300 Step A with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and base according to Preparative Example 67 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above according to Preparative Example 67 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from step B above with Lawesson's Reagent in toluene and heat the mixture to reflux for 4 h, one would obtain after column chromatography the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above with formic acid hydrazide (Pellizzari-Synthesis), one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above according to the procedures described in Preparative Example 70, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 701-735

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 700, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples, acid hydrazides and amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product.

Preparative Preparative Acid Example Example hydrazide Amine Product 701 300

NH₃

702 300

NH₃

703 300

NH₃

704 61

NH₃

705 61

NH₃

706 61

NH₃

707 61

NH₃

708 65

NH₃

709 65

NH₃

710 65

NH₃

711 65

NH₃

712 300

CH₃NH₂

713 300

CH₃NH₂

714 300

CH₃NH₂

715 300

CH₃NH₂

716 61

CH₃NH

717 61

CH₃NH₂

718 61

CH₃NH₂

719 61

CH₃NH₂

720 65

CH₃NH₂

721 65

CH₃NH₂

722 65

CH₃NH₂

723 65

CH₃NH₂

724 300

(CH₃₎₂NH

725 300

(CH₃₎₂NH

726 300

(CH₃₎₂NH

727 300

(CH₃₎₂NH

728 61

(CH₃₎₂NH

729 61

(CH₃₎₂NH

730 61

(CH₃₎₂NH

731 61

(CH₃₎₂NH

732 65

(CH₃₎₂NH

733 65

(CH₃₎₂NH

734 65

(CH₃₎₂NH

735 65

(CH₃₎₂NH

Example numbers 736-779 were intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 780

If one were to treat the starting material, which was obtained by treating the title compound from Preparative Example 300 Step A according to the procedures described in Preparative Example 500 Step A-C, according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 70 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 781-788

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 780, except using the appropriate intermediate from the Preparative Examples and amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Amine Product 781  61 NH₃

782  65 NH₃

783 300 CH₃NH₂

784  61 CH₃NH₂

785  65 CH₃NH₂

786 300 (CH₃)₂NH

787  61 (CH₃)₂NH

788  65 (CH₃)₂NH

Example numbers 789-799 were intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 800

Step A

If one were to treat commercial available N methyl anthranilic acid with 2 eq. of 2-bromo-5-chloronitrobenzene, 10 eq. of potassium carbonate and a catalytic amount of copper powder in 3-methylbutan-1-ol under reflux for several hours one would obtain, after removing of the volatile compound by steam distillation, acidification of the residue with 2 M HCl, precipitation and recrystallisation of the precipitate from ethanol, the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with 7 eq. of sodium dithionite in 2 M aqueous ammonia at 80° C. one would obtain, after filtration, acidification of the filtrate with glacial acetic acid to pH 4, precipitation and recrystallisation from methanol, the title compound.

Step C

If one were to reflux the title compound from Step B above in xylene under Dean Stark conditions one would obtain, after evaporation of the solvent, washing of the residue with 2 M aqueous ammonia and recrystallisation from acetone, the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above with the sulfamidate from Preparative Example 22 according to Preparative Example 61 Step A one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with TFA as described in Preparative Example 70 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 801-805

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 800, except using the diazepines and sulfamidates as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product.

Preparative Example Diazepine Sulfamidate Product 801

22

802

21

803

24

804

21

805

24

Examples 806-809 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 810

Step A

If one were to treat commercially available 10,10-dimethyl-10H-anthracen-9-one and concentrated sulphuric acid in chloroform in a flask equipped with reflux condenser with sodium azide at room temperature, followed by heating this mixture at 50° C. and subsequently pouring it on crushed ice followed by neutralization with conc. aqueous ammonia, separation and evaporation of the organic phase, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with the sulfamidate from Preparative Example 22 as described in Preparative Example 800, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 811-812

If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in Preparative Example 810, except using the azepines and sulfamidates as indicated in the able below, one would obtain the desired amine product.

Preparative Example Azepine Sulfamidate Product 811

24

812

21

Examples 813-829 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 830

Step AA

If one were to add a solution of commercially available 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol in methylene chloride to a solution of commercially available 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride in methylene chloride dropwise while maintaining the temperature below 20° C., subsequently stir the mixture at room temperature for 2 h and wash with water, dry the organic layer (MgSO₄) and evaporate, suspend the residue in toluene and add thionyl chloride dropwise with stirring while maintaining the temperature below 30° C., subsequently continue the stirring overnight, evaporate the toluene, dissolve the residue in water, basify with 1 N aqueous NaOH and extract with ether, then, after drying (MgSO₄) and evaporation of the solvent, followed by distillation, one would obtain the title compound.

Step BB

If one were to add commercial -nBuLi in hexane to the title compound from Step AA above in ether at −78° C., stir the mixture under argon for 0.25 h, add DMF, allow the mixture to slowly warm to room temperature and leave the mixture at this temperature for 18 h, subsequently add water and ether, separate the organic solution, wash with water, brine and dry the solution (MgSO₄), then, after evaporation of the solvent, followed by chromatographic purification, one would obtain the title compound.

Step CC

If one were to boil the title compound from Step BB above under reflux with 4M aqueous hydrochloric acid under argon atmosphere for 14 h, saturate the cooled solution with NaCl, extract repeatedly with ethyl acetate, dry the combined organic extracts (MgSO₄), then, after evaporation of the solvent, followed by recrystallization from ethyl acetate/hexane, one would obtain the title compound.

Step DD

If one were to treat the title compound from Step CC above in methanol dropwise with an ethereal solution of diazomethane at −15° C., followed by careful removal of all volatiles, then one would obtain the title compound.

Step A

If one were to add commercially available methyl 4-methylthiophene-2-carboxylate to N-bromosuccinimide, benzoyl peroxide and tetrachloromethane and would heat the mixture under reflux for 4 h followed by filtration and evaporation of the solvent, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with triphenylphosphine according to Preparative Example 51 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with the thiophene aldehyde from Step DD as described in Preparative Example 54 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat a suspension of the title compound from Step C above, hydroiodic acid and red phosphorus at 140° C. for 18 h, followed by cooling and pouring the reaction mixture into an ice/water mixture, subsequent filtration, washing of the precipitate with water, dissolving the precipitate in refluxing conc. ammonia and subsequent filtration, acidification of the filtrate with conc. aqueous hydrochloric acid and extraction of the aqueous phase with dichloromethane, washing of the organic phase with water and drying (MgSO₄) followed by evaporation of the solvent, one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat a suspension of the title compound from Step D above with polyphosphoric acid at 170° C., followed by cooling to 30° C., pouring into water, extraction with diethyl ether, washing with 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and drying (MgSO₄) followed by evaporation of the solvent, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step G, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step H and Step I, one would obtain the title compound.

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above with the compound from Preparative Example 22 as described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step J

If one were to treat the title compound from Step I above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 831

Step A

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 830 as described in Preparative Example 71 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 71 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 832-839

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 830, except using the sulfamidates in Step H, and treat the product obtained according to Preparative Example 831 with the amine as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the desired title compound as HCl salts.

Preparative Example Sulfamidate Amine Title compound 831 21 NH₃

832 24 NH₃

833 22 NH₃

834 21 CH₃NH₂

835 24 CH₃NH₂

836 22 CH₃NH₂

837 24 (CH₃)₂NH

838 22 (CH₃)₂NH

Examples 839 to 849 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 850

Step AA

If one were to treat commercially available thiophene-3-carbaldehyde with bromine and aluminum trichloride in dichloromethane and heat the reaction mixture for 2 h, subsequently pouring it into water, followed by extraction with ether, washing of the organic phase successively with aqueous 1N NaOH solution and water until neutral, then, after drying (MgSO₄) and evaporation of the solvent, followed by distillation, one would obtain the title compound.

Step BB

If one were to treat a solution of the title compound from Step AA above in tetrahydrofuran with NaBH₄ for 1 h and quench the reaction by the addition of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution followed by dilution with ethyl acetate, separation of the organic layer, washing with H₂O and brine, then, after drying (MgSO₄) and evaporation of the solvent, one would obtain the title compound.

Step CC

If one were to treat a solution of the title compound from Step BB above in chloroform with thionyl chloride at room temperature for 4 h, subsequently pouring it into water, followed by extraction with chloroform, washing of the organic phase with water, then, after drying (MgSO₄) and evaporation of the solvent, one would obtain the title compound.

Step A

If one were to treat commercially available 2-bromo-3-methylthiophene in acetic acid with N-chlorosuccinimide and stir the reaction mixture for about 2 h, then refluxing it for 1 h, subsequently pouring it into water, followed by extraction with ether, washing of the organic phase successively with aqueous 1N NaOH solution and water until neutral, then, after drying (MgSO₄) and evaporation of the solvent, followed by distillation, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with the title compound from Step CC above, as described in Preparative Example 59 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step D, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step E and Step F, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step G, one would obtain the title compound.

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step H and Step I, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step J

If one were to treat the title compound from Step I above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step K

If one were to treat the title compound from Step J above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 851

Step A

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 851 as described in Preparative Example 71 Step A one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 71 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 852-859

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 850, except using the sulfamidates in Step I, and treat the product obtained according to Preparative Example 851 with the amine as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the desired title compound as HCl salt.

Preparative Example Sulfamidate Amine Title compound 852 21 NH₃

853 24 NH₃

854 22 NH₃

855 21 CH₃NH₂

856 24 CH₃NH₂

857 22 CH₃NH₂

858 24 (CH₃)₂NH

859 22 (CH₃)₂NH

Examples 860-899 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 900

Step AA

If one were to add a solution of commercially available 2-(3bromo-2-thienyl)-1,3-dioxolane in dry diethylether with stirring to 1.05 N butyl lithium in diethylether at −70° C., followed by addition of the mixture to solid CO₂ covered with diethylether. Hydrolysis, followed by extraction with diluted aqueous sodium hydroxide, acidification, then extraction with diethylether afford the title compound.

Step BB

If one were to add H₂SO₄ and methanol to a solution of the title compound from step AA above in dichloroethane, one would obtain the title compound.

Step A

If one were to treat a solution of commercially available 5-methylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid in benzene and methanol at 0° C. dropwise with 2.0 M trimethylsilyldiazo-methane in hexanes, one would obtain the methyl ester. If one were to treat a solution of that ester intermediate in CCl₄ with NBS and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and heat the solution to reflux for 2 h, followed by cooling down to room temperature, filtration and concentration in vacuo one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with triphenylphosphine according to Preparative Example 49 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with the title compound from Step BB above as described in Preparative Example 54 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to heat a mixture of the title compound from Step C, red phosphorous and hydroiodic acid in acetic acid at 110° C. for 1 h, one would obtain a solution after filtration of the hot mixture. After cooling to room temperature and pouring in ice water one would obtain the title compound by suction.

Step E

If one were to heat a mixture of the title compound from Step D above and polyphosphoric acid at 115° C. for 1.5 h one would obtain a mixture, which was poured on ice. After extraction with Ether washing the organic phases with water, drying (MgSO₄) and removing of the solvent one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step G, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step H and Step I, one would obtain the title compound.

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above with the compound from Preparative Example 22 as described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step J

If one were to treat the title compound from Step I above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 901

Step A

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 900 as described in Preparative Example 71 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 71 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 902-909

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 900, except using the sulfamidates in Step H, and treat the product obtained according to Preparative Example 901 with the amines as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the desired title compound as HCl salt.

Preparative Example Sulfamidate Amine Title compound 902 21 NH₃

903 24 NH₃

904 22 NH₃

905 21 CH₃NH₂

906 24 CH₃NH₂

907 22 CH₃NH₂

908 24 (CH₃)₂NH

909 22 (CH₃)₂NH

Examples 910-919 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 920

Step A

If one were to add a solution of bromine in CHCl₃ slowly to an ice-cooled solution of commercially available 2-chloro-5-methylthiophene in CHCl₃ one would obtain a reaction mixture which was stirred for 2 h at room temperature, and subsequently poured into H₂O. If one were to extract than the mixture with dichloromethane combine the organic extracts dry filter and evaporate the solvent, one would obtain a yellow/brown oil.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with commercially available 2-chloro-5-chloromethyl-thiophene as described in Preparative Example 59 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step D, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step E and Step F, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step G, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step H and Step I, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step J

If one were to treat the title compound from Step I above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step K

If one were to treat the title compound from Step J above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 921

Step A

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 920 as described in Preparative Example 71 Step A one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 71 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 922-929

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 920, except using the sulfamidates in Step I, and treat the product obtained according to Preparative Example 921 with the amine as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the desired title compound as HCl salt.

Preparative Example Sulfamidate Amine Title compound 922 21 NH₃

923 24 NH₃

924 22 NH₃

925 21 CH₃NH₂

926 24 CH₃NH₂

927 22 CH₃NH₂

928 24 (CH₃)₂NH

929 22 (CH₃)₂NH

Examples 930-999 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 1000-1209

If one were to follow similar procedure as described in Preparative Examples 92 and 93, except using the amides and amines as indicated in the Table below, the following title compound would be obtained.

Prep Example Amide Amines Title compound 1000

1001

1002

1003

1004

1005

1006

1007

1008

1009

1010

1011

1012

1013

1014

1015

1016

1017

1018

1019

1020

1021

1022

1023

1024

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

1035

1036

1037

1038

1039

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

1046

1047

1048

1049

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

1060

1061

1062

1063

1064

1065

1066

1067

1068

1069

1070

1071

1072

1073

1074

1075

1076

1077

1078

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

1114

1115

1116

1117

1118

1119

1120

1121

1122

1123

1124

1125

1126

1127

1128

1129

1130

1131

1132

1133

1134

1135

1136

1137

1138

1139

1140

1141

1142

1143

1144

1145

1146

1147

1148

1149

1150

1151

1152

1153

1154

1155

1156

1157

1158

1159

1160

1161

1162

1163

1164

1165

1166

1167

1168

1169

1170

1171

1172

1173

1174

1175

1176

1177

1178

1179

1180

1181

1182

1183

1184

1185

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

1200

1201

1202

1203

1204

1205

1206

1207

1208

1209

Examples 1210-1299 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 1300

Step A

If one were to treat commercially available anthraquinone with 1.5-2 equivalents of bromine and some iodine at 160° C., and then treat the mixture with aqueous sodium hydroxide at reflux, one would obtain the title compound, after crystallisation from glacial acetic acid.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with hot concentrated H₂SO₄, treat the obtained solution with Al powder at rt and stir the mixture at rt for 3 h, one would obtain the title compound, after aqueous workup and chromatography on silica gel.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step D, Step E and Step F, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step G, one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step H, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step I, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1301

Step A

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 1300 as described in Preparative Example 71 Step A one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 71 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1302-1309

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 1300, except using the sulfamidates in Step G, and treat the product obtained according to Preparative Example 1301 with the amine as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the desired title compound as HCl salt.

Preparative Example Sulfamidate Amine Title compound 1302 21 NH₃

1303 24 NH₃

1304 22 NH₃

1305 21 CH₃NH₂

1306 24 CH₃NH₂

1307 22 CH₃NH₂

1308 24 (CH₃)₂NH

1309 22 (CH₃)₂NH

Examples 1310-1349 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 1350

Step A

If one were to treat a solution of commercially available 4-chloroanthranilic acid in water and concentrated hydrochloric acid at 0° C. with a solution of sodium nitrate in water over 45 min and stir the resulting mixture at 0° C. for 1 h, one would obtain the diazonium salt solution after filtration. If one were to treat a solution of commercially available hydroxylamine hydrochloride in water at 10° C. with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and carefully pour the mixture into an aqueous solution of hydrated copper(II) sulfate and concentrated ammonia solution, one would obtain a blue solution after filtration. If one were to carefully add the diazonium salt solution from above to the blue solution over a period of 1 h and then heat the mixture at reflux, followed by the addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid, one would obtain a precipitate after 3 h. If one were to collect the precipitate by filtration, wash it with water and dissolved it in a solution of sodium bicarbonate, one would obtain a clear solution after treatment with charcoal and filtration. If one were to add an excess of 6 M aqueous hydrochloric acid and collect the precipitate, one would obtain the title compound after crystallisation from EtOH.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound of Step A above at 400° C. for twenty-five minutes and then sublime the mixture at 250° C. under a pressure of 2 mm, one would obtain the title compound after crystallization from benzene.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step D, Step E and Step F, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step G, one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step H, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step I, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1351

Step A

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 1350 as described in Preparative Example 71 Step A one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 71 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1352-1359

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 1350, except using the sulfamidates in Step G, and treat the product obtained according to Preparative Example 1351 with the amine as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the desired title compound as HCl salt.

Preparative Example Sulfamidate Amine Title compound 1352 21 NH₃

1353 24 NH₃

1354 22 NH₃

1355 21 CH₃NH₂

1356 24 CH₃NH₂

1357 22 CH₃NH₂

1358 24 (CH₃)₂NH

1359 22 (CH₃)₂NH

Examples 1360-1399 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 1400

Step A

If one were to treat commercially available 4-bromo benzaldehyde dissolved in ether at 0° C. over a period of two hours portion-wise with KCN and concentrated HCl and maintain the temperature of the reaction below 10° C., followed by stirring for 1 h after complete addition, while permitting the temperature to rise to 15° C., subsequently the resultant two-phase system is filtered off and washed with ether, separating the combined organic solutions one would obtain the intermediate after washing with saturated aqueous sodium bisulfide, drying over MgSO₄, and concentrating in vacuo. If one were to dilute the residue with benzene and slowly add this mixture over a period of one hour to concentrated H₂SO₄, which would maintained under stirring in an ice bath at a temperature below 15° C. until completion of the addition, followed by stirring for an additional hour, allowing the mixture to warm to room temperature one would obtain after pouring the reaction mixture onto ice and the mixture is being extracted with benzene, the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step D, Step E and Step F, one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1401

Step A

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 1400 as described in Preparative Example 71 Step A one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative Example 71 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1402-1409

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 1400, except using the sulfamidates in Step B, and treat the product obtained according to Preparative Example 1401 with the amine as indicated in the table below, one would obtain the desired title compound as HCl salt.

Preparative Example Sulfamidate Amine Title compound 1402 21 NH₃

1403 24 NH₃

1404 22 NH₃

1405 21 CH₃NH₂

1406 24 CH₃NH₂

1407 22 CH₃NH₂

1408 24 (CH₃)₂NH

1409 22 (CH₃)₂NH

Examples 1410-1449 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 1450

Step A

If one were to add commercially available diethylmethylmalonate to a solution of sodium ethoxide in EtOH, and then add a solution of α,α′-dibromo-m-xylene in benzene to the above solution and boil the mixture at reflux for 1 h, one would obtain the title compound after distillation and crystallisation.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with aqueous-ethanolic potassium hydroxide, one would obtain the crude tetracarboxylic acid. If one were to decarboxylate the crude tetracarboxylic acid at 210° C., one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to convert the title compound from Step B above to its bis-acid chloride with thionyl chloride in benzene and treat the bis-acid chloride with a solution of diazomethane in ether, one would obtain the diazoketone intermediate after 12 h and evaporation of the solvents. If one were to treat the diazoketone with benzyl alcohol-γ-collidine (1:1) in an oil-bath maintained at 180° C. for 10 Min, one would obtain the crude title compound. If one were to treat the crude title compound with MeOH and HCl, one would obtain the dimethylester. If one were to treat the dimethylester with KOH in EtOH, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above with phosphorus pentachloride in benzene for 1 h and warm the mixture on a steam-bath for 5 min, one would obtain the crude bis-acid chloride. If one were to dissolve the bis-acid chloride in nitrobenzene, add a solution of aluminum chloride in nitrobenzene at 0° C. and then allow the mixture to stand at rt for 6 h, one would obtain the title compound, after removal of the nitrobenzene by steam distillation and crystallisation of the residue with EtOH.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above with hydrazine hydrate and potassium hydroxide in diethylene glycol for 4 h at 180° C., followed by purification by chromatography on alumina one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E with 10 eq. of aluminum chloride by adding the compound to the reagent in tetrachloroethane at low temperature, add dropwise 2.0 eq. of acetic anhydride to the mixture, pour onto ice and hydrochloric acid and extract with an appropriate solvent, wash with water, evaporate, recrystallize from methanol, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above with selenium dioxide in water and dioxane and refluxed for 4 h, followed by removal of precipitated selenium one would obtain after recrystallization the title compound.

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above with hydrogen peroxide and drop wise with 10% NaOH in ethanol at 80° C., followed by dilution with water, treatment with norite, filtration and acidifying with HCl, one would obtain after recrystallization the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 70 Step A, one would obtain the title compound

Step J

If one were to treat the title compound from Step I above as described in Preparative Example 93 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step K

If one were to treat the title compound from Step J above as described in Preparative Example 13 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step L

If one were to treat the title compound from Step K above with diisobutylaluminum hydride in CH₂Cl₂ at −78° C., add 10% aq AcOH, extract with ether:hexane, wash with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step M

If one were to treat the title compound from Step L above with 1.2 eq. commercially available methylmagnesium bromide in Et₂O at room temperature, heat the mixture to reflux, add ice and half concentrated hydrochlorid acid, extract with Et₂O, wash the organic layer with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step N

If one were to treat the title compound from Step M above with methylsulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C., evaporate, add water and ethyl acetate to the residue, extract with ethyl acetate, wash the organic layer with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate and then the obtained intermediate with NaN₃ in DMA as described in Preparative Example 17 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step O

If one were to treat the title compound from Step N above as described in Preparative Example 17 Step D, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1451

Step A

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 1450 Step E with 10 eq. of aluminum chloride by adding the compound to the reagent in tetrachloroethane at low temperature, add dropwise 2.0 eq. of acetic anhydride to the mixture, pour onto ice and hydrochloric acid and extract with an appropriate solvent, wash with water, evaporate, recrystallize from methanol, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above with selenium dioxide in water and dioxane and refluxed for 4 h, followed by removal of precipitated selenium one would obtain after recrystallization the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above with hydrogen peroxide and drop wise with 10% NaOH in ethanol at 80° C., followed by dilution with water, treatment with norite, filtration and acidifying with HCl, one would obtain after recrystallization the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 70 Step A, one would obtain the title compound

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step I above as described in Preparative Example 93 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step J above as described in Preparative Example 13 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step K above with diisobutylaluminum hydride in CH₂Cl₂ at −78° C., add 10% aq AcOH, extract with ether:hexane, wash with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step L above with 1.2 eq. commercially available methylmagnesium bromide in Et₂O at room temperature, heat the mixture to reflux, add ice and half concentrated hydrochlorid acid, extract with Et₂O, wash the organic layer with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step M above with methylsulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C., evaporate, add water and ethyl acetate to the residue, extract with ethyl acetate, wash the organic layer with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate and then the obtained intermediate with NaN₃ in DMA as described in Preparative Example 17 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step J

If one were to treat the title compound from Step N above as described in Preparative Example 17 Step D, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1452

Step A

If one were to treat commercially available 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-anthracene with 10 eq. of aluminum chloride by adding the compound to the reagent in tetrachloroethane at low temperature, add dropwise 2.0 eq. of acetic anhydride to the mixture, pour onto ice and hydrochloric acid and extract with an appropriate solvent, wash with water, evaporate, recrystallize from methanol, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with selenium dioxide in water and dioxane and refluxed for 4 h, followed by removal of precipitated selenium one would obtain after recrystallization the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with hydrogen peroxide and drop wise with 10% NaOH in ethanol at 80° C., followed by dilution with water, treatment with norite, filtration and acidifying with HCl, one would obtain after recrystallization the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above as described in Preparative Example 70 Step A, one would obtain the title compound

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above as described in Preparative Example 93 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 13 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above with diisobutylaluminum hydride in CH₂Cl₂ at −78° C., add 10% aq AcOH, extract with ether:hexane, wash with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above with 1.2 eq. commercially available methylmagnesium bromide in Et₂O at room temperature, heat the mixture to reflux, add ice and half concentrated hydrochlorid acid, extract with Et₂O, wash the organic layer with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above with methylsulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C., evaporate, add water and ethyl acetate to the residue, extract with ethyl acetate, wash the organic layer with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate and then the obtained intermediate with NaN₃ in DMA as described in Preparative Example 17 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step J

If one were to treat the title compound from Step I above as described in Preparative Example 17 Step D, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1453

Step A

If one were to treat commercially available 2-methyl-1H-indene and with 0.01 eq of platinum oxide in tetrahydrofuran and hydrogenate at 20-30 psi for 10-15 h at room temperature, filter the mixture through a pad of Celite, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with 1.0 eq. of 3-chloro-2-methyl-propionyl chloride and 3.0 eq. of aluminum chloride in nitromethane at room temperature, decompose the mixture with ice and hydrochloric acid, dilute with water, filter, dissolve the solid in benzene and wash with dilute hydrochloric acid, evaporate, purify with a Soxhlet extractor, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with concentrated sulphuric acid by adding the compound in small portions to the acid at low temperature, heat on the steam-bath, pour onto ice and extract with benzene and water, evaporate, distillate at reduced pressure, recrystallize from petroleum ether, sublimate, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above with amalgamated zinc, water, acetic acid, toluene, hydrochloric acid, separate the organic layer, evaporate, distillate at reduced pressure, recrystallize, one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D with 10 eq. of aluminum chloride by adding the compound to the reagent in tetrachloroethane at low temperature, add dropwise 2.0 eq. of acetic anhydride to the mixture, pour onto ice and hydrochloric acid and extract with an appropriate solvent, wash with water, evaporate, recrystallize from methanol, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E with an aqueous solution of potassium hypochlorite prepared from bleaching powder in methanol, separate the precipitate formed by filtration, acidify the filtrate, separate the precipitate formed by filtration, recrystallize from methanol, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 70 Step A, one would obtain the title compound

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above as described in Preparative Example 93 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above with diisobutylaluminum hydride in CH₂Cl₂ at −78° C., add 10% aq AcOH, extract with ether:hexane, wash with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step J

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 13 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step K

If one were to treat the title compound from Step I above with 1.2 eq. commercially available methylmagnesium bromide in Et₂O at room temperature, heat the mixture to reflux, add ice and half concentrated hydrochlorid acid, extract with Et₂O, wash the organic layer with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step L

If one were to treat the title compound from Step K above with methylsulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C., evaporate, add water and ethyl acetate to the residue, extract with ethyl acetate, wash the organic layer with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate and then the obtained intermediate with NaN₃ in DMA as described in Preparative Example 17 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step M

If one were to treat the title compound from Step L above as described in Preparative Example 17 Step D, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1454

Step A

If one were to treat commercially available indane with 1.0 eq. of 3-chloro-propionyl chloride and 3.0 eq. of aluminum chloride in nitromethane at room temperature, decompose the mixture with ice and hydrochloric acid, dilute with water, filter, dissolve the solid in benzene and wash with dilute hydrochloric acid, evaporate, purify with a Soxhlet extractor, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with concentrated sulphuric acid by adding the compound in small portions to the acid at low temperature, heat on the steam-bath, pour onto ice and extract with benzene and water, evaporate, distillate at reduced pressure, recrystallize from petroleum ether, sublimate, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with amalgamated zinc, water, acetic acid, toluene, hydrochloric acid, separate the organic layer, evaporate, distillate at reduced pressure, recrystallize, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D with 10 eq. of aluminum chloride by adding the compound to the reagent in tetrachloroethane at low temperature, add dropwise 2.0 eq. of acetic anhydride to the mixture, pour onto ice and hydrochloric acid and extract with an appropriate solvent, wash with water, evaporate, recrystallize from methanol, one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D with an aqueous solution of potassium hypochlorite prepared from bleaching powder in methanol, separate the precipitate formed by filtration, acidify the filtrate, separate the precipitate formed by filtration, recrystallize from methanol, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 70 Step A, one would obtain the title compound

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 93 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above with diisobutylaluminum hydride in CH₂Cl₂ at −78° C., add 10% aq AcOH, extract with ether:hexane, wash with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above as described in Preparative Example 13 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step J

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above with 1.2 eq. commercially available methylmagnesium bromide in Et₂O at room temperature, heat the mixture to reflux, add ice and half concentrated hydrochloride acid, extract with Et₂O, wash the organic layer with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate, purify the crude product through chromatography on silica gel, one would obtain the title compound.

Step K

If one were to treat the title compound from Step J above with methylsulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C., evaporate, add water and ethyl acetate to the residue, extract with ethyl acetate, wash the organic layer with H₂O, sat. aq NaHCO₃, and brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, evaporate and then the obtained intermediate with NaN₃ in DMA as described in Preparative Example 17 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.

Step L

If one were to treat the title compound from Step K above as described in Preparative Example 17 Step D, one would obtain the title compound.

Examples 1455-1499 have been intentionally excluded.

Preparative Example 1500

Step A

If one were to treat commercially available 1,4-benzoquinone with buta-1,3-diene in benzene at 100° C. in an autoclave, separate the precipitate, wash it with methanol, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with LiAlH₄ in THF at rt for 15 min and then heat to reflux for 50 min, one would obtain after removal of the solvent, followed by aqueous workup and column chromatography the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with methanesulfonyl chloride in pyridine at 0° C. for 24 h, one would obtain after pouring into an ice/water mixture followed by extraction with benzene and subsequently washing the organic phase with water, cold 5% sulphuric acid, water, 2% sodium bicarbonate solution, brine and finally evaporation to dryness, the methanesulfonate intermediate. If one were to treat the methanesulfonate intermediate with LiAlH₄ in THF and heat to reflux for 24 h, one would obtain after removal of the solvent, followed by aqueous workup the alcohol intermediate.

If one were to treat the alcohol intermediate with CrO₃ in pyridine at 40° C. for 9 h, one would obtain after pouring into water, followed by extraction with CCl₄ and subsequently drying the organic phase and evaporating to dryness, followed by column chromatography and crystallization the alkene intermediate. If one were to treat the alkene intermediate with Pd/C in ethanol at 10 bar H₂ and room temperature, separate the crude product from the reaction mixture and then the obtained intermediate with CrO₃ in aqueous acetic acid and water, neutralize the mixture, extract with Et₂O, recrystallize from THF/CH₂Cl₂, one would obtain the title compound.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step G, one would obtain the title compound.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step H, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E with NaCN in 90% ethanol under reflux, add water, extract with CHCl₃, wash the organic layer with 5% sulphuric acid, sat. aq NaHCO₃, water, brine, dry over Na₂SO₄, distillate, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.

Step H

If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above as described in Preparative Example 61 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Step I

If one were to treat the title compound from Step H above as described in Preparative Example 70 Step B, one would obtain the title compound.

Preparative Example 1501-1502

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 1500, except using the sulfamidates in Step G, one would obtain the desired title compound as HCl salt.

Preparative Example Sulfamidate Title compound 1501 22

1502 24

Example 1

The title compound from Preparative Example 5 (378 mg) and 419 mg K₂CO₃ were suspended in 3 ml THF and cooled to 0° C. A solution of Preparative Example 1 (109 mg) in 1 ml THF was slowly added and the reaction mixture stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and then at rt overnight. The mixture was diluted with 30 ml EtOAc and 10 ml H₂O, the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 4:1) to afford the title compound (66 mg; 39%; MH⁺=389).

Example 2-14

Following a similar procedure as that described in Example 1, except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples indicated in the Table below, the following compounds were prepared.

Compound Compound Preparative Preparative 1. Yield Example Example Example Product 2. MH⁺ 2 1  6

1. 17% 2. 346 3 1  7

1. 8% 2. 417 4 1 13

1. 19% 2. 360 5 1 14 Step B

1. 18% 2. 389 6 1 14

1. 15% 2. 375 7 1 15 Step C

1. 8% 2. 372 8 1 15

1. 8% 2. 374 9 1 16

1. 16% 2. 389 10 1 17 Step D

1. 7% 2. 390 11 1 17

1. 8% 2. 372 12 1 10

1. 16% 2. 429 13 1 11

1. 19% 2. 415 14 1 12

1. 19% 2. 401

Example 15

An aliquot of the title compound of Preparative Example 3 was taken and the solvent removed. The residue (67 mg) was dissolved in DMF (2 ml) and triethylamine (0.1 ml). The title compound from Preparative Example 90 (71 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by preparative TLC (CHCl₃/MeOH (+0.1% Triethylamine), 4:1) to afford the title compound (12 mg; 13%; MH⁺=381).

Example 16

The title compound from Preparative Example 18 Step B (100 mg) and Preparative Example 2 (68 mg) were dissolved in 2 ml EtOH and 1 ml H₂O. The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH˜6 by adding 0.1 M HCl-solution and the mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min. After the addition of NaCNBH₃ (24 mg) the pH was maintained at pH˜6 by the addition of 0.1 M HCl and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was diluted with 30 ml EtOAc and 15 ml sat. NaHCO₃/brine (1:1), the organic phase separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by Prep TLC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 95:5) to afford the title compound (25.9 mg; 17%; MH⁺=399).

Example 17-47

Following a similar procedure as described in Example 16 by dissolving the amine in a EtOH/H₂O— or MeOH/H₂O-mixture and adjusting the pH to pH˜6-8 by either 0.1 M HCl, 3 M NaOAc or 1 M NaOH, except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples indicated in the Table below, the following compounds were prepared. In case the reaction was not completed after 24 h as judged by HPLC, additional aldehyde from Preparative Example 2 or 89 and NaCNBH₃ were added, and the reaction was continued for another 1-3 days.

For the products obtained, the following purification methods were employed:

-   Method A: chromatography on silica using CH₂Cl₂/MeOH-mixtures; or -   Method B: product was precipitated from the reaction mixture by     adding 1 M HCl to pH 1-3 and the precipitate washed with MeOH; or -   Method C: reaction mixture was concentrated to half its volume and     the crude product purified by reverse phase HPLC (21.5×250 mm,     Phenomenex, Luna C-18 (2), 5 μM; flow=15 ml/min or 10×250 mm,     Phenomenex, Luna C-18 (2), 5 μM; flow=3 ml/min) using acetonitrile     (solvent B; 0.1% formic acid) and H₂O (solvent A; 0.1% formic acid)     as eluents and a suitable gradient, ramping solvent B from 0% to     100% over a period of 18 min.

Compound Compound Preparative Preparative Purification 1. Yield Example Example Example Method Product 2. MH⁺ 17 2 18 A

1. 17% 2. 417 18 2 47 A

1. 41% 2. 431 19 2 48 A

1. 18% 2. 431 20 2 8 A

1. 25% 2. 424 21 2 9 A

1. 18% 2. 390 22 2 49 A

1. 21% 2. 478 23 2 50 B

1. 30% 2. 442 24 2 51 B

1 .5% 2. 478 25 2 87 B

1. 46% 2. 510 26 2 110 A

1. 15% 2. 414 27 2 70 C

1. 36% 2. 542 28 2 72 C

1. 14% 2. 570 29 2 71 C

1. 38% 2. 598 30 2 73 C

1. 21% 2. 598 31 2 74 C

1. 8% 2. 626 32 2 75 C

1. 58% 2. 622 33 2 76 C

1. 9% 2. 682 34 2 56 C

1. 11% 2. 528 35 2 77 C

1. 7% 2. 556 36 2 78 C

1. 10% 2. 584 37 2 79 C

1. 12% 2. 556 38 2 80 C

1. 43% 2. 614 39 2 81 C

1. 2% 2. 573 40 2 82 C

1. 26% 2. 666 41 2 83 C

1. 12% 2. 542 42 2 84 C

1. 10% 2. 542 43 2 85 C

1. 60% 2. 572 44 2 86 C

1. 28% 2. 544 45 2 52 C

1. 14% 2. 503 46 2 88 C

1. 2% 2. 471 47 89  56 C

1. 9% 2. 540

Example 48

The title compound from Preparative Example 93 (16 mg) was dissolved in a mixture of H₂O (3 ml) and a solution of 4 M HCl in dioxane (3 ml). After 20 h the reaction mixture was diluted with toluene. The organic layer was evaporated to afford the title compound (14 mg; 99%; MH⁺=386).

Example 49-64

Following a similar procedure as that described in Example 48, except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples indicated in the Table below, the following compound was prepared.

Compound Preparative 1. Yield Example Example Product 2. MH⁺ 49  95

1. 77% 2. 436 50  96

1. 92% 2. 393 51  97

1. 89% 2. 404 52  98

1. 96% 2. 416 53  99

1. 57% 2. 393 54 100

1. 95% 2. 404 55 101

1. 93% 2. 393 56 102

1. 98% 2. 393 57 108

1. 96% 2. 400 58 103

1. 95% 2. 412 59 104

1. 95% 2. 414 60 105

1. 92% 2. 411 61 106

1. 95% 2. 411 62 107

1. 81% 2. 426 63 109

1. 85% 2. 412 64  94

1. 95% 2. 398

Example 65

The title compound from Preparative Example 113 (13 mg) was treated with 4 M HCl in dioxane as described in Example 47 to afford the title compound (11.2 mg, 98%, MH⁺=436).

Example 66-75

Following a similar procedure as that described in Example 65, except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples indicated in the Table below, the following compounds were prepared.

Compound Preparative 1. Yield Example Example Product 2. MH⁺ 66 114

1. 100 2. 424 67 115

1. 33 2. 424 68 116

1. 40 2. 482 69 117

1. 85 2. 388 70 118

1. 96 2. 402 71 119

1. 84 2. 384 72 122

1. 30 2. 510 73 112 Step D

1. 50 2. 500 74 121

1. 97 2. 475 75 120

1. 100 2. 377

Example 76

The title compound from Preparative Example 123 (27 mg) was dissolved in dichloromethane (2 ml) and trimethylsilyl iodine (21 mg) was added. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After removal of the solvent the residue was purified by preparative TLC to afford the desired compound (CHCl₃/MeOH, 4 mg, 20%, MH⁺=388).

Examples 77-78

Following a similar procedure as that described in Example 76, except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, the following compounds were prepared.

1. Yield Example Preparative Example Product 2. MH⁺ 77 124

1. 10% 2. 422 78 125

1. 11% 2. 358

Examples 79-99 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 100-184

If one were to follow the procedures outlined in Preparative Example 71 and Examples 28 or 29 but using the amines, carboxylic acids and aldehydes from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the indicated Product.

Example Carboxylic # Amine Acid Aldehyde Product 100

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 

101

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 

102

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 

103

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 

104

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 

105

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 

106

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 

107

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 

108

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 

109

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 2 

110 NH₃ Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

111 MeNH₂ Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

112 (Me)₂NH Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

113

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

114

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

115

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

116

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

117

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

118

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

119

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

120

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

121

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

122

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 2 

123

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 

124

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 

125

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 

126

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 

127

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 

128

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 

129

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 

130

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 

131

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 2 

132

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 

133

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 

134

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 

135

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 

136

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 

137

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 2 

138 MeNH₂ Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

139 (Me)₂NH Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

140

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

141

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

142

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

143

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

144

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

145

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

146

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

147

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

148

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

149

Prep Ex 62 Prep Ex 89

150 NH₃ Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

151 MeNH₂ Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

152 (Me)₂NH Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

153

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

154

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

155

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

156

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

157

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

158

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

159

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

160

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

161

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

162

Prep Ex 55 Prep Ex 89

163

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89

164

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89

165

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89

166

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89

167

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89

168

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89

169

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89

170

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89

171

Prep Ex 65 Prep Ex 89

172 NH₃ Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

173 MeNH₂ Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

174 (Me)₂NH Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

175

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

176

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

177

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

178

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

179

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

180

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

181

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

182

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

183

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

184

Prep Ex 61 Prep Ex 89

Examples 185-199 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 200-389

If one were to follow the procedures outlined in Examples 28 or 29 except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the indicated Product.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Example Product 200 200 2

201 201 2

202 202 2

203 203 2

204 204 2

205 205 2

206 206 2

207 207 2

208 208 2

209 209 2

210 210 2

211 211 2

212 212 2

213 213 2

214 214 2

215 215 2

216 216 2

217 217 2

218 218 2

219 219 2

220 220 2

221 221 2

222 222 2

223 223 2

224 224 2

225 225 2

226 226 2

227 227 2

228 228 2

229 229 2

230 230 2

231 231 2

232 232 2

233 233 2

234 234 2

235 235 2

236 236 2

237 237 2

238 238 2

239 239 2

240 240 2

241 241 2

242 242 2

243 243 2

244 244 2

245 245 2

246 246 2

247 247 2

248 248 2

249 249 2

250 250 2

251 251 2

252 252 2

253 253 2

254 254 2

255 255 2

256 256 2

257 257 2

258 258 2

259 259 2

260 260 2

261 261 2

262 262 2

263 263 2

264 264 2

265 265 2

266 266 2

267 267 2

268 268 2

269 269 2

270 270 2

271 271 2

272 272 2

273 273 2

274 274 2

275 275 2

276 276 2

277 277 2

278 278 2

279 279 2

280 280 2

281 281 2

282 282 2

283 283 2

284 284 2

285 285 2

286 286 2

287 287 2

288 288 2

289 289 2

290 290 2

291 291 2

292 292 2

293 293 2

294 294 2

295 200 89

296 201 89

297 202 89

298 203 89

299 204 89

300 205 89

301 206 89

302 207 89

303 208 89

304 209 89

305 210 89

306 211 89

307 212 89

308 213 89

309 214 89

310 215 89

311 216 89

312 217 89

313 218 89

314 219 89

315 220 89

316 221 89

317 222 89

318 223 89

319 224 89

320 225 89

321 226 89

322 227 89

323 228 89

324 229 89

325 230 89

326 231 89

327 232 89

328 233 89

329 234 89

330 235 89

331 236 89

332 237 89

333 238 89

334 239 89

335 240 89

336 241 89

337 242 89

338 243 89

339 244 89

340 245 89

341 246 89

342 247 89

343 248 89

344 249 89

345 250 89

346 251 89

347 252 89

348 253 89

349 254 89

350 255 89

351 256 89

352 257 89

353 258 89

354 259 89

355 260 89

356 261 89

357 262 89

358 263 89

359 264 89

360 265 89

361 266 89

362 267 89

363 268 89

364 269 89

365 270 89

366 271 89

367 272 89

368 273 89

369 274 89

370 275 89

371 276 89

372 277 89

373 278 89

374 279 89

375 280 89

376 281 89

377 282 89

378 283 89

379 284 89

380 285 89

381 286 89

382 287 89

383 288 89

384 289 89

385 290 89

386 291 89

387 292 89

388 293 89

389 294 89

Examples 390-399 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 400-595

If one were to follow the procedures outlined in Examples 28 or 29 except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the indicated Product.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Example Product 400 300 2

401 301 2

402 302 2

403 303 2

404 304 2

405 305 2

406 306 2

407 307 2

408 308 2

409 309 2

410 310 2

411 311 2

412 312 2

413 313 2

414 314 2

415 315 2

416 316 2

417 317 2

418 318 2

419 319 2

420 320 2

421 321 2

422 322 2

423 323 2

424 324 2

425 325 2

426 326 2

427 327 2

428 328 2

429 329 2

430 330 2

431 331 2

432 332 2

433 333 2

434 334 2

435 335 2

436 400 2

437 401 2

438 402 2

439 403 2

440 404 2

441 405 2

442 406 2

443 407 2

444 408 2

445 409 2

446 410 2

447 411 2

448 412 2

449 413 2

450 414 2

451 415 2

452 416 2

453 417 2

454 418 2

455 419 2

456 420 2

457 421 2

458 422 2

459 423 2

460 424 2

461 425 2

462 426 2

463 427 2

464 428 2

465 429 2

466 430 2

467 431 2

468 432 2

469 433 2

470 434 2

471 500 2

472 501 2

473 502 2

474 503 2

475 504 2

476 505 2

477 506 2

478 507 2

479 508 2

480 509 2

481 510 2

482 511 2

483 512 2

484 513 2

485 514 2

486 515 2

487 516 2

488 517 2

489 518 2

490 519 2

491 520 2

492 521 2

493 522 2

494 523 2

495 524 2

496 525 2

497 526 2

498 527 2

499 528 2

500 529 2

501 530 2

502 531 2

503 532 2

504 533 2

505 534 2

506 535 2

507 600 2

508 601 2

509 602 2

510 603 2

511 604 2

512 605 2

513 606 2

514 607 2

515 608 2

516 609 2

517 610 2

518 611 2

519 612 2

520 613 2

521 614 2

522 615 2

523 616 2

524 617 2

525 618 2

526 619 2

527 620 2

528 621 2

529 622 2

530 623 2

531 624 2

532 625 2

533 626 2

534 627 2

535 628 2

536 629 2

537 630 2

538 631 2

539 632 2

540 633 2

541 634 2

542 635 2

543 680 2

544 681 2

545 682 2

546 683 2

547 684 2

548 685 2

549 686 2

550 687 2

551 700 2

552 701 2

553 702 2

554 703 2

555 704 2

556 705 2

557 706 2

558 707 2

559 708 2

560 709 2

561 710 2

562 711 2

563 712 2

564 713 2

565 714 2

566 715 2

567 716 2

568 717 2

569 718 2

570 719 2

571 720 2

572 721 2

573 722 2

574 723 2

575 724 2

576 725 2

577 726 2

578 727 2

579 728 2

580 729 2

581 730 2

582 731 2

583 732 2

584 733 2

585 734 2

586 735 2

587 780 2

588 781 2

589 782 2

590 783 2

591 784 2

592 785 2

593 786 2

594 787 2

595 788 2

Examples 596-599 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 600-795

If one were to follow the procedures outlined in Examples 28 or 29 except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the indicated Product.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Example Product 600 336 89

601 337 89

602 338 89

603 339 89

604 340 89

605 341 89

606 342 89

607 343 89

608 344 89

609 345 89

610 346 89

611 347 89

612 348 89

613 349 89

614 350 89

615 351 89

616 352 89

617 353 89

618 354 89

619 355 89

620 356 89

621 357 89

622 358 89

623 359 89

624 360 89

625 361 89

626 362 89

627 363 89

628 364 89

629 365 89

630 366 89

631 367 89

632 368 89

633 369 89

634 370 89

635 371 89

636 435 89

637 436 89

638 437 89

639 438 89

640 439 89

641 440 89

642 441 89

643 442 89

644 443 89

645 444 89

646 445 89

647 446 89

648 447 89

649 448 89

650 449 89

651 450 89

652 451 89

653 452 89

654 453 89

655 454 89

656 455 89

657 456 89

658 457 89

659 458 89

660 459 89

661 460 89

662 461 89

663 462 89

664 463 89

665 464 89

666 465 89

667 466 89

668 467 89

669 468 89

670 469 89

671 536 89

672 537 89

673 538 89

674 539 89

675 540 89

676 541 89

677 542 89

678 543 89

679 544 89

680 545 89

681 546 89

682 547 89

683 548 89

684 549 89

685 550 89

686 551 89

687 552 89

688 553 89

689 554 89

690 555 89

691 556 89

692 557 89

693 558 89

694 559 89

695 560 89

696 561 89

697 562 89

698 563 89

699 564 89

700 565 89

701 566 89

702 567 89

703 568 89

704 569 89

705 570 89

706 571 89

707 636 89

708 637 89

709 638 89

710 639 89

711 640 89

712 641 89

713 642 89

714 643 89

715 644 89

716 645 89

717 646 89

718 647 89

719 648 89

720 649 89

721 650 89

722 651 89

723 652 89

724 653 89

725 654 89

726 655 89

727 656 89

728 657 89

729 658 89

730 659 89

731 660 89

732 661 89

733 662 89

734 663 89

735 664 89

736 665 89

737 666 89

738 667 89

739 668 89

740 669 89

741 670 89

742 671 89

743 688 89

744 689 89

745 690 89

746 691 89

747 692 89

748 693 89

749 694 89

750 695 89

751 736 89

752 737 89

753 738 89

754 739 89

755 740 89

756 741 89

757 742 89

758 743 89

759 744 89

760 745 89

761 746 89

762 747 89

763 748 89

764 749 89

765 750 89

766 751 89

767 752 89

768 753 89

769 754 89

770 755 89

771 756 89

772 757 89

773 758 89

774 759 89

775 760 89

776 761 89

777 762 89

778 763 89

779 764 89

780 765 89

781 766 89

782 767 89

783 768 89

784 769 89

785 770 89

786 771 89

787 789 89

788 790 89

789 791 89

790 792 89

791 793 89

792 794 89

793 795 89

794 796 89

795 797 89

Examples 796-799 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 800-833

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Examples 27 or 28, and treat the title compounds from the Preparative Examples in the table below as described in Preparative Example 69 and 71, except using the amines as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired product.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Example Amine Product 800 61 Step B 2 NH₃

801 62 2 NH₃

802 65 2 NH₃

803 61 Step B 2 NH₃

804 62 2 NH₃

805 65 2 NH₃

806 61 Step B 2 CH₃NH₂

807 62 2 CH₃NH₂

808 65 2 CH₃NH₂

809 61 Step B 2 CH₃NH₂

810 62 2 CH₃NH₂

811 65 2 CH₃NH₂

812 61 Step B 2 (CH₃)₂NH

813 65 2 CH₃NH₂

814 61 Step B 2 CH₃NH₂

815 65 2 CH₃NH₂

816 61 Step B 89 NH₃

817 62 89 NH₃

818 65 89 NH₃

819 61 Step B 89 NH₃

820 62 89 NH₃

821 65 89 NH₃

822 61 Step B 89 CH₃NH₂

823 62 89 CH₃NH₂

824 65 89 CH₃NH₂

825 61 Step B 89 CH₃NH₂

826 62 89 CH₃NH₂

827 65 89 CH₃NH₂

828 61 Step B 89 CH₃NH₂

829 62 89 CH₃NH₂

830 65 89 CH₃NH₂

831 61 Step B 89 CH₃NH₂

832 62 89 CH₃NH₂

833 65 89 CH₃NH₂

Examples 834-999 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 1000-1168

If one were to follow the procedures outlined in Examples 28 or 29 except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the indicated Product.

Preparative Preparative Example Example Example Product 1000 801 2

1001 804 2

1002 805 2

1003 800 2

1004 802 2

1005 803 2

1006 801 89

1007 804 89

1008 805 89

1009 800 89

1010 802 89

1011 803 89

1012 810 2

1013 812 2

1014 811 2

1015 810 89

1016 812 89

1017 811 89

1018 831 2

1019 832 2

1020 833 2

1021 834 2

1022 835 2

1023 836 2

1024 837 2

1025 838 2

1026 839 2

1027 851 2

1028 852 2

1029 853 2

1030 854 2

1031 855 2

1032 856 2

1033 857 2

1034 858 2

1035 859 2

1036 901 2

1037 902 2

1038 903 2

1039 904 2

1040 905 2

1041 906 2

1042 907 2

1043 908 2

1044 909 2

1045 921 2

1046 922 2

1047 923 2

1048 924 2

1049 925 2

1050 926 2

1051 927 2

1052 928 2

1053 929 2

1054 831 2

1055 832 89

1056 833 89

1057 834 89

1058 835 89

1059 836 89

1060 837 89

1061 838 89

1062 839 89

1063 851 89

1064 852 89

1065 853 89

1066 854 89

1067 855 89

1068 856 89

1069 857 89

1070 858 89

1071 859 89

1072 901 89

1073 902 89

1074 903 89

1075 904 89

1076 905 89

1077 906 89

1078 907 89

1079 908 89

1080 909 89

1081 921 89

1082 922 89

1083 923 89

1084 924 89

1085 925 89

1086 926 89

1087 927 89

1088 928 89

1089 929 89

1090 1301 2

1091 1302 2

1092 1303 2

1093 1304 2

1094 1305 2

1095 1306 2

1096 1307 2

1097 1308 2

1098 1309 2

1099 1351 2

1100 1352 2

1101 1353 2

1102 1354 2

1103 1355 2

1104 1356 2

1105 1357 2

1106 1358 2

1107 1359 2

1108 1401 2

1109 1402 2

1110 1403 2

1111 1404 2

1112 1405 2

1113 1406 2

1114 1407 2

1115 1408 2

1116 1409 2

1117 1301 89

1118 1302 89

1119 1303 89

1120 1304 89

1121 1305 89

1122 1306 89

1123 1307 89

1124 1308 89

1125 1309 89

1126 1351 89

1127 1352 89

1128 1353 89

1129 1354 89

1130 1355 89

1131 1356 89

1132 1357 89

1133 1358 89

1134 1359 89

1135 1401 89

1136 1402 89

1137 1403 89

1138 1404 89

1139 1405 89

1140 1406 89

1141 1407 89

1142 1408 89

1143 1409 89

1144 1450 Step K 2

1145 1450 Step O 2

1146 1451 Step F 2

1147 1451 Step J 2

1148 1452 Step F 2

1149 1452 Step J 2

1150 1453 Step J 2

1151 1453 Step M 2

1152 1454 Step I 2

1153 1454 Step L 2

1154 1500 2

1155 1501 2

1156 1502 2

1157 1450 Step K 89

1158 1450 Step O 89

1159 1451 Step F 89

1160 1451 Step J 89

1161 1452 Step F 89

1162 1452 Step J 89

1163 1453 Step J 89

1164 1453 Step M 89

1165 1454 Step I 89

1166 1454 Step L 89

1167 1500 89

1168 1501 89

Examples 1169-1499 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 1500-1709

If one were to follow a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 48, except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the Table below, one would obtain the desired amine product.

Compound Preparative Example Example Product 1500 1000

1501 1001

1502 1002

1503 1003

1504 1004

1505 1005

1506 1006

1507 1007

1508 1008

1509 1009

1510 1010

1511 1011

1512 1012

1513 1013

1514 1014

1515 1015

1516 1016

1517 1017

1518 1018

1519 1019

1520 1020

1521 1021

1522 1022

1523 1023

1524 1024

1525 1025

1526 1026

1527 1027

1528 1028

1529 1029

1530 1030

1531 1031

1532 1032

1533 1033

1534 1034

1535 1035

1536 1036

1537 1037

1538 1038

1539 1039

1540 1040

1541 1041

1542 1042

1543 1043

1544 1044

1545 1045

1546 1046

1547 1047

1548 1048

1549 1049

1550 1050

1551 1051

1552 1052

1553 1053

1554 1054

1555 1055

1556 1056

1557 1057

1558 1058

1559 1059

1560 1060

1561 1061

1562 1062

1563 1063

1564 1064

1565 1065

1566 1066

1567 1067

1568 1068

1569 1069

1570 1070

1571 1071

1572 1072

1573 1073

1574 1074

1575 1075

1576 1076

1577 1077

1578 1078

1579 1079

1580 1080

1581 1081

1582 1082

1583 1083

1584 1084

1585 1085

1586 1086

1587 1087

1588 1088

1589 1089

1590 1090

1591 1091

1592 1092

1593 1093

1594 1094

1595 1095

1596 1096

1597 1097

1598 1098

1599 1099

1600 1100

1601 1101

1602 1102

1603 1103

1604 1104

1605 1105

1606 1106

1607 1107

1608 1108

1609 1109

1610 1110

1611 1111

1612 1112

1613 1113

1614 1114

1615 1115

1616 1116

1617 1117

1618 1118

1619 1119

1620 1120

1621 1121

1622 1122

1623 1123

1624 1124

1625 1125

1626 1126

1627 1127

1628 1128

1629 1129

1630 1130

1631 1131

1632 1132

1633 1133

1634 1134

1635 1135

1636 1136

1637 1137

1638 1138

1639 1139

1640 1140

1641 1141

1642 1142

1643 1143

1644 1144

1645 1145

1646 1146

1647 1147

1648 1148

1649 1149

1650 1150

1651 1151

1652 1152

1653 1153

1654 1154

1655 1155

1656 1156

1657 1157

1658 1158

1659 1159

1660 1160

1661 1161

1662 1162

1663 1163

1664 1164

1665 1165

1666 1166

1667 1167

1668 1168

1669 1169

1670 1170

1671 1171

1672 1172

1673 1173

1674 1174

1675 1175

1676 1176

1677 1177

1678 1178

1679 1179

1680 1180

1681 1181

1682 1182

1683 1183

1684 1184

1685 1185

1686 1186

1687 1187

1688 1188

1689 1189

1690 1190

1691 1191

1692 1192

1693 1193

1694 1194

1695 1195

1696 1196

1697 1197

1698 1198

1699 1199

1700 1200

1701 1201

1702 1202

1703 1203

1704 1204

1705 1205

1706 1206

1707 1207

1708 1208

1709 1209

Examples 1710-1799 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 1800

Step A

If one were to treat allyl bromide with 1.0 eq. catechol borane, heat the mixture at 100° C., distillate at reduced pressure, treat the intermediate with 2.0 eq. pinacol in THF at 0° C. and room temperature, evaporate, dissolve in hexane and remove pinacol by filtration, distillate at reduced pressure, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to dissolve methylene chloride (1.0 eq.) in THF and then slowly add 1.54 N ^(n)BuLi in hexane (1.1 eq.) at −100° C., and would then add the title compound from Step A above (1.0 equ.), dissolved in THF, cooled to the freezing point of the solution, to the reaction mixture, followed by adding a suspension of zinc chloride (0.55 eq.) in THF, cooled to 0° C., in several portions to the reaction mixture, subsequently allowing the mixture to slowly warm to room temperature and to stir overnight, then, after evaporation of the solvent and redissolving the residue in hexane and washing with water, discarding insoluble material, drying (MgSO₄) and evaporation of the solvent, followed by distillation, one would obtain the title compound.

Step C

If one were to treat a fresh prepared LiHMDS solution in THF with 1 eq. of the title compound from Step B at −78° C., one would obtain after stirring overnight at rt, filtering of the precipitant and distillation of the filtrate the title compound as an oil.

Step D

If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above with 3 eq. of a 4 M HCl solution in dioxane at −78° C., one would obtain after stirring for 1 hour at rt and evaporation of the solvent the title compound as a HCl salt.

Step E

If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above with bromo acetyl bromide as described in Example 1, one would obtain the title compound.

Step F

If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above with the title compound from Preparative Example 15 as described in Example 1, one would obtain the title compound.

Step G

If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above with 6.0 eq. diethanolamine in THF at room temperature, add Et₂O to the mixture, separate the precipitate by filtration, dissolve the solid in an appropriate solvent and add Dowex AG 50-X8, filtrate and evaporate the filtrate, one would obtain the title compound.

Examples 1801-1849 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 1850

Step A

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 92 with the title compound from Example 1800, Step D, as described in Preparative Example 93, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Example 48, one would obtain the title compound. If one were to use a reverse phase HPLC separation (5-pm Nucleosil C18 HPLC column, acetonitrile:H₂O: 0.1% TFA), one could obtain the individual diastereomers.

Step C

If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with 6.0 eq. diethanolamine in THF at room temperature, add Et₂O to the mixture, separate the precipitate by filtration, dissolve the solid in an appropriate solvent and add Dowex AG 50-X8, filtrate and evaporate the filtrate, one would obtain the title compound.

Examples 1851-1899 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 1900

Step A

If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 130 with bromoacetyl bromide as described in Preparative Example 1, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with the title compound from Preparative Example 15 as described in Example 1, one would obtain the title compound. Examples 1901-1949 have been intentionally excluded.

Example 1950

Step A

If one were to treat title compound from Preparative Example 130 with the title compound from Preparative Example 92 as described in Preparative Example 93, one would obtain the title compound.

Step B

If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Example 48, one would obtain the title compound.

Assay for Determining DP-IV Inhibition

The inhibitory activity of compounds against DPP-IV can be determined by in vitro assay systems, which are themselves well established in the art. The assay results given in Table 5 were obtained according to the following method, employing a modified version of the assay described by Leiting et al., in an article entitled “Catalytic properties and inhibition of proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidases II, IV and VII” in Biochem. J. Vol. 371, pages 525-532 (2003):

DPP-IV activity was determined fluorometrically with Gly-Pro-AMC (where AMC stands for 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, Bachem AG, Switzerland) as substrate. The reaction mixture contained 10 μl of 1 ng/μl DPP-IV (R&D Systems GmbH, Germany) and 80 μl of 25 mM Tris/HCl buffer, pH 8.0. Compounds were supplied as DMSO stock solutions and diluted in assay buffer to a maximal DMSO concentration of 1% in the assay. Prior to start of the reaction, the mixture was incubated for 30 min at room temperature. The reaction was started by addition of 10 μl of 100 μM substrate solution.

The fluorescence intensity was measured at excitation and emission wavelengths of 355 and 460 nm, respectively, in a FluoStar Galaxy Multiwell Plate (BMG Labtech, Germany). Fluorescence was determined 3 and 4 minutes after start of reaction and increase in fluorescence was used for determination of enzymatic activity. IC(50) values of tested compounds were determined via plotting enzymatic activity versus concentration of test compound and determining the concentration of test compound which yields a 50% inhibition of enzymatic activity.

K(i) values were calculated using the Michaelis-Menten equation for competitive inhibition:

IC(50)=K(i)(1+[S]/Km)

As set forth in Table A, K(i) for each compound corresponds to A is K(i)<6 nM, B is K(i) 6-50 nM, C is K(i) from 51-500 nM and D is K(i) from 0.5-30 μM.

TABLE A Activity Data for Inhibition of DPP-IV Activ- Activ- Activ- Activ- Exam- ity Exam- ity Exam- ity Exam- ity ple (K(i)) ple (K(i)) ple (K(i)) ple (K(i)) 1 C 21 C 41 B 61 A 2 D 22 A 42 C 62 A 3 D 23 B 43 A 63 A 4 D 24 A 44 A 64 A 5 D 25 B 45 B 65 B 6 C 26 C 46 D 66 B 7 C 27 A 47 A 67 A 8 C 28 A 48 A 68 B 9 C 29 A 49 A 69 B 10 C 30 A 50 B 70 B 11 C 31 B 51 A 71 B 12 C 32 A 52 A 72 A 13 C 33 A 53 A 73 B 14 D 34 A 54 A 74 C 15 D 35 A 55 A 75 C 16 C 36 B 56 A 76 B 17 B 37 B 57 A 77 A 18 A 38 B 58 A 78 B 19 B 39 B 59 A 20 C 40 D 60 A

All patents, patent applications, and published references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

1. A compound of formula (I): A-B-D  (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein A is:

B is:

D is:

Y is divalent and is: a bond, CR⁴R⁵, O, NR⁴, S, S═O, S(═O)₂, C(═O), (C═O)N(R⁴), S(═O)₂N(R⁴), C═N—OR⁴, —C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵) C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴)═C(R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)NR⁴—, —C(R⁴R⁵)O—, —C(R⁴R⁵)S(═O)_(t)—, —(C═O)O—, —(C═NR^(a))N(R⁴)—, —(C═NR^(a))—, N(C═O)NR⁴NR⁵, N(C═O)R⁴, N(C═O)OR⁴, NS(═O)₂NR⁴NR⁵, or NS(═O)₂R⁴; R¹ and R² are independently: hydrogen, —F, —Cl, —CONR⁴R⁵, or —CO₂R⁴; R³ is CONR⁴R⁵, tetrazolyl or oxadiazolonyl; R^(a) is hydrogen, CN, NO₂, alkyl, haloalkyl, S(O)_(t)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, C(O)OR⁴, C(O)R⁴, or C(O)NR⁴R⁵; each occurrence of R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently: hydrogen or alkyl, or R⁴ and R⁵ when taken together with a nitrogen to which they are attached form a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and may optionally contain a heteroatom selected from O, S, or NR⁵⁰; R⁵⁰ is, in each occurrence, R²⁰, CN, NO₂, S(O)_(t)NR²⁰R²¹, S(O)_(t)R²⁰, C(O)OR²⁰, C(O)R²⁰C(═NR^(a))NR²⁰R²¹, C(═NR²⁰)NR²¹R^(a), C(═NOR²⁰)R²¹ or C(O)NR²⁰R²¹; each occurrence of R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl; each occurrence of R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently: halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl; R⁹ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R¹⁰ is halogen, CF₃, COR⁴, OR⁴, NR⁴R⁵, NO₂, CN, SO₂OR⁴, CO₂R⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CO₂H, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)R⁴, SO₃H, OC(O)R⁴, OC(O)NR⁴R⁵, NR⁴C(O)R⁵, NR⁴CO₂R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR^(a))NHR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(═NR⁴)NHR^(a), (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴C(═NR⁴)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)—NH—CN, O—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)OR⁴, S(O)_(t)—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-C(O)NR⁴—(C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)OR⁴, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—C(O)—NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂NR⁴R⁵, (C₀-C₆)-alkyl-NR⁴—SO₂R⁴, hydrogen, B(OH)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or aminoalkyl; Q^(b) is CH or N; U is —C(O)—, —C(═NR⁴)—, —(CR⁴R⁵—)_(p), NR⁵⁰, S(═O)₂, C(═O), (C═O)N(R⁴), N(R⁴)(C═O), S(═O)₂N(R⁴), N(R⁴)S(═O)₂, C═N—OR⁴, —C(R⁴)═C(R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)_(p)NR⁵⁰—, N(R⁵⁰)C(R⁴R⁵)_(p)—, —O—C(R⁴R⁵)—, —C(R⁴R⁵)S(═O)_(t)—, —(C═O)O—, —(C═NR^(a))N(R⁴)—, —(C═NR^(a))—, N(C═O)NR⁴NR⁵, N(C═O)R⁴, N(C═O)OR⁴, NS(═O)₂NR⁴NR⁵, or NS(═O)₂R⁴; W is —CH₂—, —S—, —CHF— or —CF₂—; Z is C; p is 0 to 6; and t is 0, 1, or
 2. 2. A compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Q^(b) is CH; U is (—CH₂—)_(p); p is 1; R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently H or alkyl; and R⁹ is H.
 3. A compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: D is:


4. A compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, wherein: Y is —CH₂—CH₂—.
 5. A compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Y is —CH₂—CH₂—; D is

Q^(b) is CH; U is (—CH₂—)_(p); p is 1; and R⁹ is H.
 6. A compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, wherein: A is:


7. A compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, wherein: A is:

Y is —CH₂—CH₂—; D is

and Q^(b) is CH.
 8. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 9. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 10. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 11. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 13. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 14. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 15. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 16. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 17. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 18. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 20. A compound according to the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound in accordance with claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 22. A method of treating type-2 diabetes comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound in accordance with claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound in accordance with claim 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 24. A method of treating type-2 diabetes comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound in accordance with claim 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 